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Table 3 Participant characteristics and demographics: Total sample and UL performance category

From: Predicting later categories of upper limb activity from earlier clinical assessments following stroke: an exploratory analysis

Characteristic

Total Sample

N = 54

A: Min activity/rare Integration

N = 20

B: Min activity/limited integration

N = 4

C: Mod activity/moderate integration

N = 16

D: Mod activity/full integration

N = 10

E: High activity/full integration

N = 4

Age

66.3 ± 8.8

69.0 ± 7.8

63.3 ± 8.1

65.4 ± 10.1

65.6 ± 8.6

61.3 ± 10.4

Sex, n (%)

      

 Male

31 (57)

10 (50)

1 (25)

10 (63)

7 (70)

3 (25)

 Female

23 (43)

10 (50)

3 (75)

6 (11)

3 (30)

1 (25)

Ethnicity, n (%)

      

 Non-Hispanic/Non-Latino

54 (100)

20 (100)

4 (100)

16 (100)

10 (100)

4 (100)

Race, n (%)

      

 White

32 (59)

12 (60)

4 (100)

6 (38)

7 (70)

3 (75)

 African-American

21 (39)

8 (40)

–

9 (56)

3 (30)

1 (25)

 Asian

1 (2)

–

–

1 (6)

–

 

Stroke type, n (%)

      

 Ischemic

48 (89)

20 (100)

4 (100)

11(69)

9 (90)

4 (100)

 Hemorrhagic

6 (11)

–

–

5 (31)

1 (10)

–

Concordance, n (%)

23 (43)

8 (40)

1 (25)

4 (25)

7 (70)

3 (75)

Time post stroke in days*

13 (12,15)

13 (12,14)

14 (13,15)

13 (12,14)

15 (13,16)

16 (13, 18)

Week post stroke of UL performance category, n (%)

      

 Week 6

2 (4)

1 (5)

–

–

1 (10)

–

 Week 8

4 (7)

3 (15)

–

1 (6)

–

–

 Week 12

5 (9)

3 (15)

–

2 (13)

–

–

 Week 16

4 (7)

2 (10)

–

1 (6)

1 (10)

–

 Week 20

3 (6)

2 (10)

–

1 (6)

–

–

 Week 24

36 (67)

9 (45)

4 (100)

11 (69)

8 (80)

4 (100)

Living status pre-stroke n (%)

      

 Alone, independent

11 (20)

5 (25)

1 (25)

5 (31)

–

–

 Others, independent

43 (80)

15 (75)

3 (75)

11 (69)

10 (100)

4 (100)

Living status 2-weeks post stroke, n (%)

      

 Inpatient

47 (87)

20 (100)

3 (75)

14 (87)

7 (70)

3 (75)

 Home

7 (13)

–

1 (25)

2 (13)

3 (30)

1 (25)

ADI

75 (39, 86)

80 (41, 88)

66 (48, 78)

76 (45, 87)

67 (31, 84)

31 (21, 47)

Upper limb measures

 ARAT

20 (0, 43)

0 (0, 3.3)

4 (0, 20)

37 (23, 48)

45 (30, 53)

37 (28, 41)

 SAFE

7 (1, 8)

1 (1, 4)

5 (1, 8)

8 (7, 8)

8 (8, 8)

8 (7, 8)

 UEFM

37 (10, 57)

10 (8, 21.3)

23 (9, 43)

54 (36, 56)

59 (48, 61)

54 (43, 57)

Non-motor clinical measures

 CES-D

14.0 ± 9.5

18.2 ± 10.3

14.0 ± 9.1

15.5 ± 8.2

7.0 ± 6.1

4.8 ± 1.7

 Mesulam

0 (0, 3)

1 (0, 7)

1 (0, 4)

1 (0, 4)

0 (0, 1)

-1 (-1, 1)

 MOCA

17.6 ± 7.1

14.6 ± 7.9

20.3 ± 8.3

18.3 ± 7.1

20.5 ± 4.1

20.3 ± 4.4

 NIHSS

6 (4, 10)

10 (6, 15)

5 (4, 9)

5 (3, 8)

4 (4, 6)

3 (3, 4)

  1. *Time post stroke indicates when, in days, the predictor variables were measured
  2. Summary statistics for demographic information and the predictors as means ± standard deviations when normally distributed, otherwise by medians and the 1st and 3rd inter-quartile values in parentheses. Categorical variables are presented as count (%) of the total sample and by category
  3. ADI: Area deprivation index; ARAT: Action Research Arm Test; SAFE: Shoulder Abduction Finger Extension; UEFM: Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer; CES-D: Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; MOCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; NIHSS: National Institute of Health Stroke Scale
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Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

ISSN: 1743-0003

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