From: Electrical stimulation to promote osseointegration of bone anchoring implants: a topical review
Reference | Cell type | Cathode material | Evaluation | Stimulation parameters | Stimulation duration | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dauben et al. 2016 [41] | Human primary osteoblast | Ti6Al4V | WST-11, LIVE/DEAD staining, RT-PCR2 (Col 13, ALP4, OC5), ELISA6 (procollagen type 1) | 0.2 and 1.4 VRMS, frequency of 20 Hz, sinusoidal signal was applied with stimulation periods of 3 × 45 min per day with 225 min break between simulations | 3 days | Cells were viable and the metabolic activity was not significantly higher in stimulated groups compared to controls. Gene expression showed moderately higher transcript abundance of Col 1, ALP, and OC after electrical stimulation with 0.2 VRMS compared to controls. Application of 1.4 VRMS resulted in slightly enhanced OC transcript levels while Col 1 and ALP remained unchanged |
Gittens et al. 2013 [42] | Osteoblast (MG63) | Unalloyed titanium, Grade 2 (ASTM F67) | Trypsin, radioimmunoassay (OC), ELISA (OPG7, VEGF8) | Anode polarisation of 100Â mV and cathode polarisation of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500Â mV | 2Â h | MG63 differentiation and local factor production was enhanced on catholically polarised surfaces. The effect of the applied electrical polarisation was voltage dependent, with higher potentials promoting a greater osteoblast differentiation |
Bodhak et al. 2012 [43] | Human foetal osteoblast (hFOB 1.19) | 99.7% pure titanium, Grade 2 | MTT9, SEM10, fluorescent staining & CLSM11 (vinculin expression) | 5, 15, 25 µA constant stimulation for 15 min every 8 h | 5 days | Enhanced bone cell–material interactions with increasing amount of DC12 stimulation from 5 μA to 25 μA. The highest viable osteoblast cell density was measured on 25 μA stimulated titanium surfaces where cells grew almost 30% higher in number as compared to non-stimulated titanium surface |
Sivan et al. 2013 [44] | Preosteoblast (MC3T3-E1) | Ti6Al4V | SEM, LIVE/DEAD staining | Cathode polarisation of 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 1000 mV (vs Ag/AgCl) | 24 h | Cell death at commercially pure titanium is both dependent in cathodic voltage and time. Cell culture above − 300 mV showed almost no loss in viability, whereas 100% of the cells were killed at − 600 mV after 24 h |
Kim et al. 2006 [21] | Rat calvarial osteoblast | Gold | Trypan blue staining, RT-PCR and qPCR13, ELISA (VEGF, Bmp214), Western blotting (HIF-1α15) | BEC16 stimulation with pulse amplitude of 20 µA (1.5 µA/cm2), pulse width 32 µs and frequency of 3000 Hz in the interrupted (6 h daily) and continuous mode (24 h daily) | 2, 4 and 5 days | Significant increase in cell proliferation after 2 days with stimulation of continuous mode compared to interrupted mode and non-stimulated groups. BEC stimulation increased VEGF production, but did not stimulate differentiation |
Pettersen et al. 2021 [28] | Preosteoblast (MC3T3-E1) | Ti6Al4V | Physical removal of cells and counted via fluorescence imaging, soluble collagen production through absorbance measurements, SEM, pH measurements | BEC stimulation with pulse amplitudes of 10 and 20 µA, frequencies 50 and 100 Hz, pulse width 500 μs, inter-phase delay 50 μs, sample frequency 100 kSPS, continuous stimulation (24 h daily) | 3 days | Stimulation exhibited strong positive influence on osteoblast proliferation, collagen production and spreading on TiAl4V surfaces. 20 μA indicated as the most beneficial amplitude, although not significantly higher compared to 10 μA. 100 Hz was found to favour cell proliferation and collagen production compared to 50 Hz and the control. No morphologic or pH difference was found among the stimulated specimens and the control |