Table 6 Results for the eight least addressed domains classified according to EXO and time since injury
Study | Robot Data | Bowel functionality | Strength | Activities of Daily Living | Neurophysiology | Sensory function | Bladder functionality | Body composition and bone density | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exoskeleton: Ekso | ||||||||||
Subacute | n-RCT | Tsai et al. 2020 | Each session: up time, walk time and steps number: not compared | Post vs Pre training: LEMS ↑, UEMS ↑ | Post vs Pre training: FIM ↑ | |||||
McIntosh et al. 2020 | Longitudinal evaluation: up time ↗, walk time ↗, steps number ↗ | |||||||||
Chronic | RCT | Chang et al. 2018 | Post vs Pre training: LEMS ↑ | |||||||
n-RCT | Gagnon et al. 2018 (A) | Longitudinal evaluation: up time ↗; walk time ↗; steps number ↗ | ||||||||
Escalona et al. 2018 | ||||||||||
Sale et al. 2016 (A) | Post vs Pre training: satisfaction questionnaire (single bowel item) ↑ | |||||||||
Alamro et al. 2018 | Single evaluation: trunk muscle's activation: Ekso-OG > Lokomat | |||||||||
Karelis et al. 2017 | Post vs Pre training: BMI ↑; Body weight ↑; leg and appendicular lean body mass ↑; Total, appendicular and leg fat mass ↓; Cross-sectional area of calf Muscle ↑; Total, arm, trunk lean body mass ↑, Arm fat mass ↓, Trunk fat mass nc, Total bone mineral density ↓, Leg and tibia bone mineral density ↑, Cross-sectional area: Subcutaneous and intramuscular adipose tissue ↓ | |||||||||
Ramanujam et al. 2018 (A) | Single evaluation: EMG lower limbs: SCI < ABs | |||||||||
Gagnon et al. 2019 (B) | ||||||||||
Ramanujam et al. 2018 (B) | ||||||||||
Kressler et al. 2014 (A) | Post vs Mid vs Pre training: EMG nc | |||||||||
Kressler et al. 2019 (B) | ||||||||||
Cahill et al. 2018 | ||||||||||
Subacute + chronic | n-RCT | Baunsgaard et al. 2018 (A) | Subacute: Longitudinal evaluation: up time ↗, walk time ↗, steps ↗ | Subacute: Post vs Pre training and FU vs Pre training: LEMS ↑ | ||||||
Chronic: Longitudinal evaluation: up time ↗, walk time ↗, steps ↗ | Chronic: Post vs Pre training and FU vs Pre training: LEMS ↑ | |||||||||
Baunsgaard et al. 2018 (B) | FU vs Post vs Mid vs Pre training: ISCIBDS nc | Post vs Pre training and FU vs Pre training: SCIM III > | FU vs Post vs Mid vs Pre training: ISCIBDS nc | |||||||
Stampacchia et al. 2016 | ||||||||||
Kozlowski et al. 2015 | Best performance: walk time, up time, steps number | |||||||||
Kolakowsky-Hayner et al. 2013 | Longitudinal evaluation: up time ↗, walk time ↗ | |||||||||
Unspecified TSI | n-RCT | Sale et al. 2018 (B) | Post vs Pre training: Satisfaction questionnaire (single bowel item) ↑ | |||||||
Exoskeleton: ReWalk | ||||||||||
Chronic | n-RCT | Asselin et al. 2015 | ||||||||
Khan et al. 2019 | Londitudinal evaluation: total steps number ↗ | Post vs Pre training: UEMS ↑, LEMS ↑ | Post vs Pre training: MEP ↓ | Post vs Pre training: sensory key-points INSCSCI nc | ||||||
Platz et al. 2016 | Post vs Pre training: LEMS nc; UEMS nc | Post vs Pre training: SCIM nc | Post vs Pre training: sensory score INSCSCI nc | |||||||
van Dijsseldonk et al. 2019 | ||||||||||
Chun et al. 2020 | Post vs Pre training: Modified Lynch Gastrointestinal Survey: frequency of bowel evacuations nc, time spent on having a bowel movement nc, bowel accidents ↑, frequency of laxative and/or stool softener use ↑, overall satisfaction with bowel programs ↑; Bristol Stool Scale: stool consistency rated “ideal”↑; SCI-QOL ↓ | |||||||||
Yang et al. 2015 | ||||||||||
Benson et al. 2016 | ||||||||||
Fineberg et al. 2013 | ||||||||||
Guanziroli et al. 2019 | ||||||||||
Zeilig et al. 2012 | Single evaluation Post training: Satisfaction Questionnaire (single bowel item) nc | |||||||||
Esquenazi et al. 2012 | Single evaluation Post training: Satisfaction Questionnaire (bowel regulation) ↑ for 5/11 individuals | |||||||||
Lonini et al. 2016 | Longitudinal evaluation: step frequency ↗ and steps number ↗ (positive correlation with session) | |||||||||
Manns et al. 2019 | Single evaluation Post training: semi structured interview faster and more regular bowel movements for 3/11 individuals; FU: semi structured interview faster and more regular bowel movements for 1/11 individuals | |||||||||
Talaty et al. 2013 | ||||||||||
Exoskeleton: Indego | ||||||||||
Chronic | n-RCT | Evans et al. 2015 | ||||||||
Subacute + chronic | n-RCT | Juszczak et al. 2018 | Post vs Pre training: Self reported perception: 80% individuals nc, 20% individuals ↑ | Pre vs Post training: Self reported perception: 91% individuals nc, 9% individuals ↑ | ||||||
Unspecified TSI | n-RCT | Tefertiller et al. 2018 | ||||||||
Hartigan et al. 2015 | ||||||||||
Exoskeleton: HAL | ||||||||||
Subacute | n-RCT | Yatsugi et al. 2018 | Post vs Pre training: BI ↑ | |||||||
Kubota et al. 2019 | Post vs Pre training: LEMS↑ | Post vs Pre training: FIM ↑ | ||||||||
Exoskeleton: Rex | ||||||||||
Chronic | n-RCT | Birch et al. 2017 | ||||||||