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Table 4 Means and 95% confidence intervals of each measurement in the clinical assessments and the probabilities and estimated effect sizes in the statistical analyses. Differences with statistical significance are denoted by * (P ≤ 0.05), ** (P ≤ 0.01), and *** (P ≤ 0.001)

From: Home-based self-help telerehabilitation of the upper limb assisted by an electromyography-driven wrist/hand exoneuromusculoskeleton after stroke

Evaluation

Pre

Post

Change (\(+/-\))

Paired-sample t test

Mean (95% Confidence interval)

P-value

Cohen's d

FMA

     

 Full Score

33.4 (30.2 to 39.7)

44.5 (41.3 to 51.0)

\(+\) 11.2 (7.53 to 14.8)

 < 0.001***

1.84

 Shoulder/Elbow

21.5 (19.6 to 25.4)

28.6 (26.6 to 32.7)

\(+\) 7.10 (3.78 to 10.4)

0.002**

1.29

 Wrist/Hand

11.8 (10.3 to 14.8)

15.9 (14.4 to 18.9)

\(+\) 4.10 (2.18 to 6.00)

0.002**

1.29

ARAT

19.3 (15.7 to 26.5)

26.7 (22.7 to 34.8)

\(+\) 7.45 (4.09 to 10.8)

0.001***

1.34

WMFT

     

 Score

39.2 (34.8 to 47.9)

45.9 (41.6 to 54.6)

\(+\) 6.72 (3.23 to 10.2)

0.003**

1.16

 Time

51.6 (45.2 to 64.5)

45.7 (40.1 to 57.0)

− 5.89 (− 10.7 to − 1.12)

0.033*

− 0.75

FIM

65.6 (65.1 to 66.8)

65.7 (65.2 to 66.9)

\(+\) 0.09 (− 0.09 to 0.27)

0.341

0.30

MAS

 

Wilcoxon’s signed ranks test

P-value

r

Elbow

2.18 (1.59 to 2.77)

1.49 (0.82 to 2.17)

− 0.69 (− 1.16 to − 0.22)

0.026*

− 0.67

Wrist

1.95 (1.17 to 2.72)

1.18 (0.48 to 1.89)

− 0.76 (− 1.35 to − 0.17)

0.026*

− 0.67

Finger

1.98 (1.39 to 2.58)

1.40 (0.73 to 2.07)

− 0.58 (− 0.98 to − 0.18)

0.024*

− 0.68