Table 3 Classification of exergames according to the motor learning principles

Learning occurs through repetitive, varied practice of meaningful tasks

Balance (proprioception), postural control, strength, motor coordination, and cognition

Balance game/exercise [22, 30, 31, 35, 40], sport game (such as football, tennis, skiing game and simulations) [28, 34, 38], the kayak program [36], selected Tai Chi movements [23], customized tasks [29]

Balance-A [35], Microsoft Kinect [34, 38], AR (Microsoft Kinect) [23, 29], Nintendo Wii [28, 40], Nintendo Wii with balance board [22, 31], VR [30, 36]

Learning occurs when task difficulty is progressively increased according to the user's ability

Aerobic endurance, balance, postural control, strength, motor coordination, and cognition

Balance game/exercise [4, 41], dance game [37, 39], exergame [42], tailored exergame program [21], steeping game [32], selected Tai Chi movements [23], and sport game [43]

Microsoft Kinect [21], AR with Microsoft Kinect [23], the interact training system [32], Nintendo Wii [41, 43], VR (X-box 360) [42], VR with dance pad/platform [4, 37, 39]

Learning occurs when the individual is motivated to improve

Balance control, motor coordination, and cognition

Exergame [42], stepping game [32]

VR (X-box 360) [42], the interact training system [32]

Sensory feedback that is related to the task is necessary for learning

Balance control

Balance exercise [4]

VR (BTS NIRVANA) [4]

Learning occurs when an individual receives positive feedback about task performance and task accomplishment

Balance, stepping ability, and cognition

Stepping game [32], Adventure game [33]

The interact training system [32], VR (Microsoft Kinect) [33]