Effectiveness of a combined transcranial direct current stimulation and virtual reality-based intervention on upper limb function in chronic individuals post-stroke with persistent severe hemiparesis: a randomized controlled trial

Table 2 Treatment effects on upper limb sensorimotor function

	Initial assessment	Final assessment	Significance
Fugl-Meyer assessment scale. Upper extremity subscale			T(p < 0.001, η²_p = 0.49) GxT(p < 0.001, η²_p = 0.44)
Control group	9.87 ± 4.82	10.13 ± 4.60
Experimental group	9.50 ± 5.11	14.79 ± 7.37
Wolf motor function test. Performance time (s)			T*(p = 0.002, η²_p = 0.30) GxT(p = 0.036, η²_p = 0.15)
Control group	100.3 ± 16.8	98.8 ± 18.6
Experimental group	110.2 ± 13.9	103.1 ± 17.6
Wolf motor function test. Functional ability			T*(p < 0.001, η²_p = 0.37) GxT(p = 0.043, η²_p = 0.14)
Control group	11.60 ± 7.56	12.27 ± 7.65
Experimental group	8.86 ± 11.77	11.07 ± 13.04
Nottingham sensory assessment			T(p = 0.050, η²_p = 0.51) GxT(p = 0.598, η²_p = 0.08)
Control group	31.93 ± 21.44	33.87 ± 21.44
Experimental group	35.43 ± 24.70	36.57 ± 23.91
Nottingham sensory assessment. Tactile subscale			T*(p = 0.035, η²_p = 0.58) GxT(p = 0.607, η²_p = 0.08)
Control group	25.93 ± 18.71	27.53 ± 18.09
Experimental group	29.71 ± 20.60	30.71 ± 19.37
Nottingham sensory assessment. Kinesthetic subscale			T(p = 0.468, η²_p = 0.10) GxT(p = 0.955, η²_p = 0.05)
Control group	6.00 ± 3.50	6.33 ± 4.01
Experimental group	5.57 ± 4.47	5.86 ± 4.74
Nottingham sensory assessment. Stereognosis subscale			T*(p = 0.041, η²_p = 0.55) GxT(p = 0.168, η²_p = 0.28)
Control group	5.27 ± 6.65	5.33 ± 6.66
Experimental group	4.00 ± 5.16	5.28 ± 6.62

Clinical data are given in terms of mean and standard deviation. T time effect, GxT group by time effect. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01

ISSN: 1743-0003