Skip to main content

Table 3 Descriptive and inferential statistics of outcome measures

From: Augmented efficacy of intermittent theta burst stimulation on the virtual reality-based cycling training for upper limb function in patients with stroke: a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial

Variables

sham iTBS + VCT (Wilcoxon signed-rank tests)

iTBS + VCT (Wilcoxon signed-rank tests)

M–W U tests

Pre-Tx

Post-Tx

p

Pre-Tx

Post-Tx

p

p

Mean ± SD

95% CI

Mean ± SD

95% CI

Mean ± SD

95% CI

Mean ± SD

95% CI

FMA-UE

34.55 ± 18.34

23.05–46.05

40.64 ± 16.83

30.08–51.19

0.003†

43.58 ± 15.35

34.36–52.80

47.17 ± 16.30

37.38–56.96

0.021*

0.174

MAS-UE

0.94 ± 0.69

0.51–1.38

0.97 ± 0.63

0.57–1.36

0.336

0.87 ± 0.54

0.54–1.19

0.65 ± 0.50

0.34–0.95

0.004†

0.007†

ARAT

17.09 ± 18.11

5.73–28.45

18.27 ± 18.91

6.42–30.13

0.027*

25.75 ± 22.69

12.13–39.37

30.42 ± 22.38

16.98–43.85

0.025*

0.225

GM

4.73 ± 1.68

3.67–5.78

5.36 ± 1.80

4.23–6.50

0.010*

5.33 ± 2.87

3.61–7.06

6.50 ± 2.88

4.77–8.23

0.006†

0.158

Grasp

5.55 ± 6.65

1.37–9.72

5.27 ± 6.77

1.03–9.52

0.090

8.75 ± 8.01

3.94–13.56

9.50 ± 7.74

4.85–14.15

0.207

0.190

Grip

3.00 ± 4.31

0.30–5.70

3.55 ± 4.55

0.69–6.40

0.090

5.42 ± 5.16

2.32–8.52

6.83 ± 5.38

3.61–10.06

0.390

0.326

Pinch

3.82 ± 6.31

-0.14–7.77

4.09 ± 6.33

0.12–8.06

0.159

6.25 ± 7.40

1.81–10.69

7.58 ± 7.56

3.04–12.12

0.055

0.263

BBT

11.40 ± 16.02

1.20–21.60

11.88 ± 13.74

3.00–20.40

0.393

18.72 ± 18.84

7.20–30.00

21.96 ± 19.50

10.20–33.60

0.029*

0.130

NHPTa

4.02 ± 8.82

-1.20–9.60

4.56 ± 7.92

-0.60–9.60

0.208

7.86 ± 11.88

0.60–15.00

11.40 ± 13.86

3.00–19.80

0.023*

0.106

MAL (AOU)

42.64 ± 31.04

23.17–62.10

36.55 ± 22.06

22.71–50.38

0.118

33.92 ± 42.40

8.46–59.37

42.25 ± 43.93

15.87–68.63

0.009†

0.006†

MAL (QOM)

46.55 ± 40.89

20.90–72.19

42.82 ± 32.96

22.15–63.49

0.337

35.17 ± 42.58

9.60–60.73

42.83 ± 43.39

16.78–68.88

0.009†

0.076

SIS

57.09 ± 8.61

51.69–62.49

58.04 ± 6.47

53.99–62.10

0.066

58.06 ± 12.79

50.38–65.73

65.02 ± 13.50

56.91–73.12

0.001†

0.005†

  1. T-distribution was used to compute a 95% CI. Degrees of freedom = 22
  2. SD standard deviation, CI confidence interval, M–W U tests Mann–Whitney U tests, iTBS intermittent theta burst stimulation, VCT virtual reality-based cycling training, MAS-UE Modified Ashworth Scale-Upper Extremity, FMA-UE Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity, ARAT Action Research Arm Test, GM gross movement, BBT Box and Block Test, NHPT Nine Hole Peg Test, MAL(AOU) Motor Activity Log (Amount of Use), MAL (QOM) Motor Activity Log (Quality of Movement), SIS Stroke Impact Scale
  3. *p < 0.05
  4. †p < 0.01
  5. aThe unit of NHPT is number of pegs/minute