Author (year) | Population lntervention group | Comparator group | Intervention | Details of assessments | ||||||||||||||
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n (male/female) | Age (mean ± SD) | Time since stroke (months) | Drop outs (n) | n (male/female) | Age (mean ± SD) | Time since stroke (months) | Drop outs (n) | Gait ability for inclusion | Device for RAGT | Intervention setting | Comparator group setting | Training intensity | Time for assess- ments | Walking condition for assess-ment | Velo-city during analysis | Gait analysis system | Walking device during gait analysis | |
Bang 2016 | 9 (5/4) | 54 ± 4 | 12 ± 3 | 0 | 9 (4/5) | 54 ± 4 | 13 ± 3 | 0 | Gait speed > 0,4 m/s; possible independent gait > 10 m | Lokomat | t-RAGT | Treadmill gait training | 60 min, 5 d/week, 4 weeks, 20 sessions | Baseline and post training | 4,6 m walkway, No info on trials | No info | GAITRite | Not reported |
Buesing 2015 | 25 (17/8) | 60 ± 2 | 85 ± 18 | 0 | 25 (16/9) | 62 ± 3 | 65 ± 10 | 0 | Gait speed between 0.4–0.8 m/s; ability to walk 10 m with maximum 1 person assist | Stride Manag-ement Assistance, SMA | o-RAGT | Over ground or treadmill gait training, functional mobility training | 45 min, 3 d/week, 6–8 weeks, max 18 sessions | Baseline, midpoint and post training, and at 3 months follow up | 5 feet before and after GAITRite, 3 + 3 trials | Self-selected and fastest velocity | GAITRite | Assistive device allowed |
Calabró 2018 | 20 (12/8) | 69 ± 4 | 10 ± 3 | 0 | 20 (11/9) | 67 ± 6 | 11 ± 3 | 0 | Functional Ambulatory Categories (FAC) of ≤ 4 | EKSO | o-RAGT and over ground gait training | Over ground gait training | 45 min + 60 min/d, 5 d/week, 8 weeks, 40 sessions | Baseline and post training | 10 m walkway, 2 trials | Self-selected velocity | Accelerometer | Not reported |
Geroin 2011 | 10 (8/2) 10 (6/4) | 64 ± 7/64 ± 6 | 26 ± 6/27 ± 5 | 0 | 10 (9/1) | 61 ± 6 | 27 ± 6 | 0 | Ability to walk independently for at least 15 m with the use of walking aids (cane and orthoses) | Gait Trainer (GT1) | (1) t-RAGT with BWS and with transcranial direct current stimulation (2) t-RAGT with BWS and with sham transcranial stimulation | Over ground gait training | 50 min/session, 5 d/week, 2 weeks, 10 sessions | Baseline and post training | 12 m walkway, 3 trials | Fastest velocity | GAITRite, Bertrec | Orthoses allowed |
Hidler 2009 | 33 (21/12) | 60 ± 11 | 4 ± 2 | 9* | 30 (18/12) | 55 ± 9 | 5 ± 2 | * | Ability to ambulate 5 m without physical assistance and a self-selected walking speed between 0.1 to 0.6 m/s | Lokomat | t-RAGT with BWS | Conventional gait training | 45 min (90 min), 3 d/week, 24 sessions | At baseline, midpoint and post training, and at a 3 months follow-up | Over ground walkway, No further info | Self-selected velocity | GAITRite or GaitMat | Not reported |
Hornby 2008 | 24 (15/9) | 57 ± 10 | 50 ± 51 | 4 | 24 (15/9) | 57 ± 11 | 73 ± 87 | 10 | Required to walk 10 m over ground without physical assistance at speeds 0.8 m/s at their self-selected velocity, assistive device if needed | Lokomat | t-RAGT with BWS | Treadmill gait training with BWS | 30 min, 12 sessions | At baseline, post training and at 6-months follow-up | 10 m, over ground, > 5 trials | Self-selected and fastest velocity | GaitMat II | No physical assistance, orthoses if needed |
Husemann 2007 | 16 (11/5) | 60 ± 13 | 3 ± 2 | 3 | 14 (10/4) | 57 ± 11 | 3 ± 2 | 1 | The patient had to score 1 or less on the functional ambulation classification, indicating a need for personal assistance in ambulation | Lokomat | t-RAGT with BWS + Conventional gait training | Conventional gait training | 2 × 30 min/day, 5 d/week, 4 weeks, 40 sessions | At baseline and post training | 10 m walkway, No info on trials | Fastest velocity | In-shoe plantar pressure measurement system, Parotec system | Assistive device allowed |
Lee 2019 | 14 (7/7) | 62 ± 8 | 49 ± 9 | 2* | 12 (7/5) | 62 ± 6 | 50 ± 10 | * | Ability to walk without personal assistance (FAC 3–4) | Gait Enhancing and Motivating System (GEMS) | o-RAGT + t-RAGT | Treadmill gait training + over ground gait training | 45 min/d, 3d/week, 4 weeks, 10 sessions | At baseline and post training | 8 m walkway, 5 trials | Self-selected velocity | 3D motion capture system with 6 infrared cameras | Not reported |
Lewek 2009 | 10 (4/6) | 52 ± 12 | 45 ± 56 | 1 | 9 (4/5) | 53 ± 6 | 65 ± 68 | 5 (+ 1) | Ability to walk at least 10 m over ground without physical assistance and at a self-selected gait speed of 0.8 m/s | Lokomat | t-RAGT with BWS | Treadmill gait training with BWS | 60 min, 3d/week, 4 weeks, 12 sessions | At baseline and post training | 10 m walkway, over ground, > 5 trials | Self-selected velocity | 8-camera motion picture system | Orthoses allowed |
Ogino 2020 | 9 (6/3) | 66 ± 10 | 96 ± 60 | 1 | 11 (9/2) | 65 ± 8 | 84 ± 48 | 0 | Ability to walk without physical assistance using assistive devices and braces as needed | Gait Exer-cise Assist Robot (GEAR) | t-RAGT with BWS + limb range motion exercise | Treadmill gait training | 60 min/day, 5 d/week, 4 weeks | At baseline and post training, at a 1 month and 3 months follow up | Walk on treadmill, no further info | Self-selected velocity | KinemaTracer, 3D motion analysis system | Handrail or brace allowed |
Srivastava 2016 | 6 (4/2) | 62 ± 12 | 54 ± 53 | 0 | 6 (5/1) | 59 ± 8 | 15 ± 10 | 0 | No info | Active Leg Exoskeleton, ALEXII | t-RAGT + FES, no BWS | Treadmill gait training with BWS | 40 min, 5 d/every other week, 15 sessions | At baseline and post training | Over ground, No further info | Self-selected velocity | Qualisys 8-camera motion capture system | Not reported |
Tanaka 2019 | 21 (13/8) | 65 ± 12 | 104 ± 28 | 3 | 20 (14/6) | 62 ± 9 | 93 ± 36 | 2 | Ability o walk independently or with minimal assistance, and ability to complete gait training sessions lasting 10 min or more | Stride Manage-ment Assistance, SMA | o-RAGT | Conventional gait training | 60–120 min/day, 10 sessions | At baseline and post training | 8,4 m walkway, over ground, > 2 trials | Fastest velocity | WalkWay MW-1000 | Assistive device allowed |
Westlake 2009 | 8 (6/2) | 59 ± 17 | 44 ± 27 | 0 | 8 (7/1) | 55 ± 14 | 37 ± 20 | 0 | At least unlimited household ambulators (e.g. > 0.3 m/s) | Lokomat | t-RAGT with BWS | Treadmill gait training with BWS | max 60 min, 3 d/week, 4 weeks, 12 sessions | At baseline and post training | 5,3 m walkway, ≥ 3 trials | Self-selected and fastest velocity | GAITRite | Assitive device allowed |