Skip to main content

Table 2 Duration and hand movement measures

From: Myoelectric prosthesis users and non-disabled individuals wearing a simulated prosthesis exhibit similar compensatory movement strategies

 

Duration (sec)

Relative duration (%)

ND

SP

P1

P2

P3

ND

SP

P1

P2

P3

M 1

R

0.66 ± 0.08

↑ 1.39 ± 0.28**

↑ 1.61 ± 0.21

↑ 1.39 ± 0.09

↑ 1.21 ± 0.11

29.0 ± 2.0

↓ 22.6 ± 4.4**

↓ 22.0 ± 1.9

↓ 22.0 ± 3.3

↓ 24.3 ± 2.5

G

0.27 ± 0.08

↑ 1.63 ± 0.53**

↑ 1.80 ± 0.21

↑ 2.21 ± 0.47

↑ 1.10 ± 0.37

11.5 ± 2.5

↑ 25.5 ± 5.9**

↑ 24.6 ± 1.7

↑ 34.4 ± 4.2

↑ 21.6 ± 6.0

T

1.08 ± 0.12

↑ 2.15 ± 0.50**

↑ 3.06 ± 0.62

↑ 1.83 ± 0.21

↑ 2.17 ± 0.19

47.1 ± 2.2

↓ 34.0 ± 4.0**

↓ 42.3 ± 9.8

↓ 28.7 ± 1.5

43.4 ± 5.0

RL

0.28 ± 0.07

↑ 1.16 ± 0.43**

↑ 0.82 ± 0.55

↑ 0.94 ± 0.16

↑ 0.54 ± 0.15

12.4 ± 2.3

↑ 17.9 ± 3.3**

11.1 ± 6.8

14.9 ± 2.6

10.8 ± 3.1

M 2

R

0.52 ± 0.06

↑ 1.07 ± 0.17**

↑ 2.12 ± 0.70

↑ 0.96 ± 0.08

↑ 0.97 ± 0.09

24.4 ± 2.0

↓ 17.2 ± 2.6**

↓ 25.0 ± 7.4

↓ 17.0 ± 1.1

24.2 ± 2.8

G

0.18 ± 0.05

↑ 1.84 ± 0.43**

↑ 1.00 ± 0.40

↑ 1.63 ± 0.22

↑ 0.67 ± 0.15

8.3 ± 1.7

↑ 28.6 ± 5.7**

11.5 ± 2.8

↑ 29.1 ± 5.2

↑ 16.4 ± 2.7

T

1.12 ± 0.13

↑ 2.05 ± 0.45**

↑ 3.71 ± 1.45

↑ 1.86 ± 0.23

↑ 1.84 ± 0.16

53.0 ± 2.9

↓ 32.8 ± 4.9**

↓ 43.0 ± 11.2

↓ 32.8 ± 2.0

↓ 45.8 ± 2.6

RL

0.30 ± 0.08

↑ 1.40 ± 0.61**

↑ 1.78 ± 0.94

↑ 1.21 ± 0.50

↑ 0.55 ± 0.08

14.2 ± 2.7

↑ 21.4 ± 6.6**

↑ 20.6 ± 10.2

↑ 21.1 ± 7.7

13.5 ± 1.4

M 3

R

0.65 ± 0.10

↑ 1.49 ± 0.35**

↑ 1.75 ± 0.52

↑ 1.64 ± 0.57

↑ 1.31 ± 0.10

26.2 ± 1.8

↓ 21.3 ± 3.8*

↓ 17.9 ± 4.8

↓ 22.0 ± 3.5

28.5 ± 1.5

G

0.19 ± 0.06

↑ 2.32 ± 0.61**

↑ 1.81 ± 0.28

↑ 2.84 ± 2.45

↑ 0.46 ± 0.10

7.4 ± 1.8

↑ 32.5 ± 5.3**

↑ 18.6 ± 2.7

↑ 32.9 ± 13.7

10.1 ± 1.7

T

1.31 ± 0.16

↑ 2.10 ± 0.38**

↑ 2.74 ± 0.24

↑ 2.30 ± 0.31

↑ 2.36 ± 0.31

52.9 ± 2.1

↓ 30.5 ± 4.5**

↓ 28.3 ± 3.1

↓ 32.3 ± 7.5

51.4 ± 6.1

RL

0.34 ± 0.07

↑ 1.13 ± 0.55**

↑ 3.40 ± 0.18

↑ 0.87 ± 0.28

↑ 0.46 ± 0.28

13.6 ± 2.2

15.7 ± 5.9

↑ 35.2 ± 2.7

12.8 ± 5.9

10.0 ± 5.9

 

Peak hand velocity (mm/s)

Percent-to-peak hand velocity (%)

ND

SP

P1

P2

P3

ND

SP

P1

P2

P3

M 1

RG

1164 ± 163

↓ 812 ± 107**

873 ± 117

1038 ± 132

↓ 714 ± 61

41.2 ± 4.5

↓ 25.8 ± 4.6**

↓ 17.7 ± 2.4

↓ 16.3 ± 1.7

↓ 27.3 ± 5.7

TRL

1447 ± 136

↓ 1057 ± 188**

↓ 682 ± 33

↓ 1053 ± 179

↓ 860 ± 47

29.3 ± 3.1

↓ 22.1 ± 5.5**

28.4 ± 3.8

↓ 22.2 ± 4.4

↑ 37.2 ± 5.1

M 2

RG

1352 ± 191

↓ 927 ± 195**

↓ 663 ± 32

1018 ± 96

↓ 702 ± 62

36.8 ± 4.4

↓ 11.9 ± 2.0**

↓ 14.1 ± 3.8

↓ 9.9 ± 0.7

↓ 17.0 ± 3.1

TRL

1069 ± 112

↓ 779 ± 172**

↓ 463 ± 64

971 ± 99

↓ 661 ± 49

44.8 ± 8.6

↓ 32.5 ± 8.4**

36.2 ± 10.2

32.8 ± 7.5

48.5 ± 5.4

M 3

RG

1666 ± 261

↓ 1267 ± 277**

↓ 1030 ± 199

1389 ± 125

↓ 1104 ± 98

35.5 ± 4.0

↓ 11.7 ± 2.4**

↓ 16.1 ± 2.1

↓ 11.4 ± 5.7

↓ 18.1 ± 2.0

TRL

1598 ± 180

↓ 1343 ± 267*

↓ 931 ± 47

1432 ± 160

↓ 1210 ± 87

36.2 ± 3.8

35.4 ± 8.6**

↓ 24.4 ± 1.4

37.8 ± 4.9

↑ 44.1 ± 2.7

 

Hand distance travelled (mm)

Hand trajectory variability (mm)

ND

SP

P1

P2

P3

ND

SP

P1

P2

P3

M 1

RG

492 ± 26

↑ 747 ± 58**

↑ 745 ± 51

↑ 957 ± 31

↑ 595 ± 30

19 ± 5

↑ 49 ± 18**

↑ 32

↑ 46

↑ 44

TRL

935 ± 27

↑ 1003 ± 42**

↑ 1043 ± 10

↑ 1097 ± 28

912 ± 24

22 ± 4

↑ 72 ± 40**

↑ 54

↑ 44

↑ 52

M 2

RG

505 ± 23

↑ 545 ± 31**

↑ 627 ± 138

↑ 615 ± 21

↓ 428 ± 12

15 ± 5

↑ 38 ± 19**

↑ 48

18

16

TRL

802 ± 61

↑ 957 ± 70**

↑ 969 ± 150

↑ 977 ± 61

832 ± 30

20 ± 4

↑ 58 ± 48**

↑ 83

↑ 121

15

M 3

RG

746 ± 24

↑ 953 ± 77**

↑ 1075 ± 12

↑ 1110 ± 252

748 ± 25

19 ± 4

↑ 68 ± 29**

↑ 40

↑ 153

23

TRL

1186 ± 31

↑ 1407 ± 63**

↑ 1723 ± 105

↑ 1462 ± 22

↑ 1324 ± 23

35 ± 8

↑ 106 ± 55**

↑ 79

↑ 101

↑ 52

 

Number of movement units

 

ND

SP

P1

P2

P3

M 1

RG

1.3 ± 0.3

↑ 9.8 ± 3.4**

↑ 8.8 ± 2.4

↑ 10.3 ± 3.9

↑ 4.7 ± 1.6

TRL

1.2 ± 0.2

↑ 8.4 ± 3.1**

↑ 6.0 ± 1.4

↑ 5.3 ± 1.0

↑ 3.8 ± 1.3

M 2

RG

1.0 ± 0.1

↑ 11.0 ± 3.7**

↑ 9.0 ± 1.8

↑ 6.8 ± 1.9

↑ 3.3 ± 1.0

TRL

2.3 ± 0.4

↑ 11.1 ± 3.6**

↑ 11.3 ± 6.1

↑ 7.5 ± 3.1

↑ 4.3 ± 1.2

M 3

RG

1.1 ± 0.1

↑ 15.7 ± 4.9**

↑ 9.3 ± 1.5

↑ 15.5 ± 12.2

↑ 3.4 ± 1.2

TRL

1.7 ± 0.4

↑ 8.2 ± 3.6**

↑ 13.0 ± 2.4

↑ 5.8 ± 1.3

↑ 4.1 ± 0.7

  1. Non-disabled (ND) baseline and SP group duration and hand movement means and across-participant standard deviations, and MP participant (P1, P2, P3) means and standard deviations for each movement (M) and phase (Reach: R, Grasp: G, Transport: T, Release: RL) or movement segment (RG or TRL). For SP values, pairwise comparison results are indicated with asterisks (* for p < 0.05, ** for p < 0.005). Arrows indicate that a given SP mean was significantly different from the normative mean, or that an MP mean was outside of two standard deviations of the non-disabled mean (↑ indicating higher and ↓ indicating smaller)