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Table 2 Comparisons of subjective ratings between the treadmill conditions in the study with patients

From: Immersive virtual reality during gait rehabilitation increases walking speed and motivation: a usability evaluation with healthy participants and patients with multiple sclerosis and stroke

Measure

Subscale

No VRa

Semi-immersive VRa (monitor)

Immersive VRa (HMD)

p

Cohen’s d

t

F

Moodb

 

8.29 (1.20)

8.38 (1.61)

8.71 (1.49)

.580

  

0.56

Motivationb

 

8.36 (1.15)

8.08 (1.32)e

8.50 (2.31)

.618

  

0.49

IMI

Interest/Enjoyment

 

4.38 (0.89)

4.76 (0.49)

.212

0.35

− 1.31

 
 

Perceived Competence

 

4.36 (0.96)

4.57 (1.33)

.336

− 0.27

− 1

 
 

Effort/ Importance

 

3.26 (1.41)

3.47 (1.10)

.637

0.13

− 0.48

 
 

Pressure/ Tension

 

3.34 (0.56)

3.43 (0.51)

.708

0.10

− 0.38

 

Sense of timec

 

8.43 (1.99)

8.00 (2.88)

8.00 (1.92)

.800

  

.23

VR-questionsd

“The virtual environment was motivating for me”

 

7.50 (2.93)

8.43 (2.31)

.202

0.36

− 1.34

 
 

“I felt present in the virtual environment”

 

5.86 (3.11)

7.64 (2.10)

.032*

0.64

− 2.41

 
 

“I paid attention to my natural gait during the treadmill training”

4.50 (3.61)

4.79 (3.04)

5.93 (3.67)

.281

  

1.33

IPQ

Spatial Presence

 

− 0.44 (1.44)

1.03 (0.94)

.008*

0.83

− 3.12

 
 

Involvement

 

− 0.34 (0.85)

0.63 (0.84)

.009*

0.81

− 3.06

 
 

Experienced Realism

 

− 0.70 (1.01)

0.07 (1.15)

.001*

1.18

− 4.39

 
 

General

 

− 1.21 (2.01)

0.79 (2.12)

.003*

0.98

− 3.67

 

SSQf

Nausea

 

7.50 (8.52)

10.90 (12.88)

    
 

Oculomotor

 

10.29 (14.45)

11.37 (11.80)

    
 

Disorientation

 

5.97 (10.52)

10.94 (14.63)

    
 

Total

 

9.62 (12.16)

12.82 (11.98)

    

RTLX

Mental Demand

5.71 (8.29)

10.00 (15.57)

17.14 (18.37)

.014*

  

5.06

 

Physical Demand

10.36 (13.79)

20.71 (17.31)

21.79 (20.53)

.030*

  

4.05

 

Temporal Demand

6.43 (12.16)

12.86 (15.53)

11.43 (11.10)

.057

  

3.20

 

Effort

15.71 (17.64)

18.21 (20.90)

19.29 (21.91)

.737

  

0.31

 

Performance

11.07 (13.47)

21.43 (21.16)

21.43 (22.82)

.114

  

2.36

 

Frustration

2.14 (5.79)

5.36 (8.87)

4.29 (7.30)

.295 (GG-corrected)

  

1.23

Borg Scale

 

8.57 (1.60)

9.79 (2.55)

9.71 (2.73)

.075

  

2.86

SUS

Total

 

84.29 (14.29)

83.21 (18.28)

.830

.06

.22

 
  1. IMI Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, IPQ Igroup Presence Questionnaire, RTLX Raw NASA-Task Load Index, Raw National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Task Load Index, SSQ Simulator Sickness Questionnaire, SUS System Usability Scale
  2. aMean (SD)
  3. bRange 0 (“Very bad”)—10 (“Very good”). Mood and motivation recorded after the treadmill conditions
  4. cRange 0 (“Very slow”)—10 (“Very fast”)
  5. dRange 0 (“Fully disagree”)—10 (“Fully agree”)
  6. en = 13
  7. fMeasure results after the treadmill conditions; no p-values for the post-measurement are listed here, since the focus of the evaluation was on the difference between the pre- and post-measurement, not between the post-measurements as in the study with the healthy participants
  8. *Significant p-values (p < .05) of main effects are marked with asterisks
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Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

ISSN: 1743-0003

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