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Table 1 Comparisons of subjective ratings between the treadmill conditions in the study with healthy participants

From: Immersive virtual reality during gait rehabilitation increases walking speed and motivation: a usability evaluation with healthy participants and patients with multiple sclerosis and stroke

Measure

Subscale

No VRa

Semi-immersive VRa (monitor)

Immersive VRa (HMD)

p

Cohen’s d

t

F

Moodb

 

7.00 (1.66)

7.61 (1.25)

8.39 (1.15)

 < .001*

  

21.38

Motivationb

 

6.89 (2.29)

7.28 (1.78)

8.42 (1.38)

 < .001*

  

11.98

IMI

Interest/Enjoyment

 

4.63 (1.15)

5.78 (0.96)

 < .001*

1.29

− 7.73

 
 

Perceived Competence

 

4.81 (0.85)

5.18 (0.78)

.002*

0.42

− 3.42

 
 

Effort/ Importance

 

3.89 (1.29)

4.24 (1.20)

.041*

0.36

− 2.12

 
 

Pressure/ Tension

 

2.01 (0.69)

1.84 (0.84)

.113

0.27

1.63

 

Sense of timec

 

4.25 (2.38)

6.64 (1.57)

7.89 (1.33)

 < .001 (GG− corrected)*

  

52.15

VR-questionsd

“The virtual environment was motivating for me”

 

7.5 (1.65)

8.53 (1.36)

 < .001*

0.78

− 4.67

 
 

“I felt present in the virtual environment”

 

5.72 (1.95)

8.06 (1.37)

 < .001*

1.10

− 6.59

 
 

“I paid attention to my natural gait during the treadmill training”

 

5.64 (2.38)

5.28 (2.17)

.344

0.16

0.96

 

IPQ

Spatial Presence

 

− 0.58 (0.88)

1.11 (0.53)

 < .001*

2.00

− 12.01

 
 

Involvement

 

− 0.39 (0.78)

0.78 (0.56)

 < .001*

1.43

− 8.58

 
 

Experienced Realism

 

− 1.31 (0.78)

− 0.24 (1.71)

 < .001*

1.06

− 6.33

 
 

General

 

− 1.00 (1.71)

1.47 (1.21)

 < .001*

1.37

− 8.26

 

SSQ

Nausea

 

10.34 (11.49)

15.37 (11.47)

.014*

0.43

− 2.57

 
 

Oculomotor

 

12.63 (14.61)

12.84 (19.58)

.895

0.02

− .13

 
 

Disorientation

 

10.83 (17.00)

17.40 (26.07)

.061

0.32

− 1.94

 
 

Total

 

13.19 (13.34)

17.04 (18.46)

.068

0.31

− 1.88

 

RTLX

Mental Demand

3.19 (4.95)

7.78 (7.79)

12.08 (11.17)

 < .001*

  

15.75

 

Physical Demand

10.69 (9.80)

13.61 (12.91)

15.00 (14.19)

.041*

  

3.35

 

Temporal Demand

6.53 (7.82)

10.83 (14.12)

9.44 (15.30)

.156

  

1.91

 

Effort

17.36 (23.89)

15.14 (21.40)

15.69 (26.68)

.752

  

.29

 

Performance

9.72 (9.02)

13.19 (13.48)

12.50 (14.47)

.080

  

2.63

 

Frustration

6.67 (8.62)

6.11 (9.42)

3.19 (7.09)

.083

  

2.58

Borg Scale

 

8.47 (1.63)

9.08 (1.81)

8.92 (2.17)

.207

  

1.61

SUS

Total

 

83.68 (9.36)

83.75 (10.03)

.965

 < 0.01

− .05

 
  1. IMI Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, IPQ Igroup Presence Questionnaire, RTLX Raw NASA-Task Load Index, Raw National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Task Load Index, SSQ Simulator Sickness Questionnaire, SUS System Usability Scale
  2. aMean (SD)
  3. bRange 0 (“Very bad”)—10 (“Very good”)
  4. cRange 0 (“Very slow”)—10 (“Very fast”)
  5. dRange 0 (“Fully disagree”)—10 (“Fully agree”)
  6. *Significant p-values (p < .05) of main effects are marked with asterisks
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Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

ISSN: 1743-0003

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