Effects of wearable ankle robotics for stair and over-ground training on sub-acute stroke: a randomized controlled trial

Table 2 Outcome measures of clinical scores at baseline (Pre) present in mean ± SD, and within-group differences after gait training (Post–Pre) present in mean difference (95%CI)

	PAAR (n = 14)	SCAR(n = 16)	CT (n = 17)
FAC (max. 5)
Pre	1.9 ± 0.7	2.2 ± 0.8	2.2 ± 1.0
Post–pre	+ 1.4 (+ 1.0, + 1.9)***	+ 1.4 (+ 0.9, + 2.0)***	+ 0.9 (+ 0.4, + 1.3)**
% Independent walker (FAC ≥ 4)	57.1%	56.3%	29.4%
BBS (max. 56)
Pre	24.0 ± 11.3	30.7 ± 14.6	25.9 ± 14.4
Post–pre	+ 18.8 (+ 13.1, + 24.4)***	+ 12.6 (+ 6.2, + 18.9)**	+ 14.4 (+ 9.4, + 19.3)***
% Post–pre > MCID	71.4%	50.0%	47.1%
10MWT (m/s)
Pre	0.13 ± 0.16	0.14 ± 0.16	0.14 ± 0.18
Post–pre	+ 0.32 (+ 0.18, + 0.46)***	+ 0.17 (+ 0.09, + 0.25)**	+ 0.17 (+ 0.06, + 0.29)**
% Post–pre > MCID	71.4%	56.3%	41.2%
Stair active training time (s)^a
Baseline	464 ± 100	238 ± 67
10th-session	476 ± 97	401 ± 145*
20th-session	480 ± 121	427 ± 154*
Number of stairs covered (step)
Baseline	72 ± 18	40 ± 26
10th-session	115 ± 36**	83 ± 49
20th-session	154 ± 85**	95 ± 40*
Walk active training time (s)^†
Baseline	874 ± 212	806 ± 173
10th-session	1010 ± 138*	1044 ± 162**
20th-session	1072 ± 171**	1070 ± 148***
Walking distance covered (m)
Baseline	118.8 ± 70.5	64.3 ± 31.9
10th-session	225.7 ± 161.9***	168.7 ± 90.7***
20th-session	362.5 ± 189.1***	212.0 ± 100.7***
Assistive torque level (Nm)
Baseline	3.6 ± 0.8
10th-session	3.6 ± 0.7
20th-session	3.5 ± 0.6

For robot-assisted training, the assistive torque level, and the training intensity in terms of active training time and stairs/distance covered at three time points (baseline, 10th-, and 20th-session) present in mean ± SD
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, significant within-group difference
^†Active training time = assigned training (600 s for stair, 1200 s for walk) minus resting time

ISSN: 1743-0003