Skip to main content

Table 5 Study participant characteristics

From: Brain activity during real-time walking and with walking interventions after stroke: a systematic review

Study

Number of participants

Age

Sex [F/M]

Time post-stroke [months (SD)]

Type of stroke

Lesion location

Walking status

(Al-Yahya et al., 2016) [22]

19 Stroke;

20 Healthy

59.61 (15.03);

54.35 (9.38)

2/17;

8/12

Chronic:

26.5 (27.46)

NR

11 Right; 8 Left

Independent

(Calabro et al., 2017) [40]

24 Stroke

(12/group)

60 (4);

63 (6)

5/7;

5/7

Chronic:

7.92 (1.95)

Ischemic

13 Right; 11 Left

4 F&P; 4 P&O; 4 T&P; 6 P; 6 F

FAC 0–4

(Caliandro et al., 2020) [23]

22 Stroke

15 Healthy

47–74;

43–69

9/13;

6/9

Chronic:

55.6 (36.6)

Ischemic

12 Right; 10 Left

3 F; 10 F, T, P & IC; 4 IC; 2 F & IC; 2 T & IC; 1 F & P

Independent

(Chang et al., 2019) [32]

2 Stroke

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

Independent

(Chatterjee et al., 2019) [33]

33 Stroke

59.6 (9.7)

11/22

Chronic:

19.2 (10.4)

NR

17 Right; 16 Left

4 ACA; 10 MCA; 14 BG & IC; 5 Pons

Moderate-severe walking deficits (walking speed < 0.8 m/s)

(Chen et al., 2019) [41]

18 Stroke

(9/group)

50.33 (10.95);

54.67 (8.32)

1/8;

0/9

Chronic:

35.63 (27.42)

9 Hemorrhagic

9 Ischemic

6 Right; 12 Left

Independent

(Choi et al., 2016) [34]

3 Stroke

62 (9)

1/2

Chronic:

10.3 (8.08)

1 Hemorrhagic

2 Ischemic

2 Right; 1 Left

Independent

(Contreras-Vidal et al., 2018) [42]

5 Stroke

50.6 (11.46)

0/5

Chronic:

65 (65.68)

2 Hemorrhagic

2 Ischemic

1 Mixed

4 Right; 1 Left

1 F,T&P; 1 Th; 1 F & P; 2 unclassified

Independent

(García-Cossio et al., 2015) [35]

3 Stroke;

10 Healthy young adults

46.7 (16.9);

32.3 (10.8)

0/3

Sub-acute: 2.33(0.56)

3 Ischemic

3 Right

“severe difficulties to stand and walk”

(Hawkins et al., 2018) [36]

24 Stroke;

15 Healthy older adults;

9 Healthy young adults

58 (9.3);

77.2 (5.6);

22.4 (3.21)

8/16;

8/7;

5/4

Chronic: 18.3(9.3)

NR

NR

“Moderate-severe gait impairment” (based on walking speed < 0.8 m/s)

(Hermand et al., 2019) [37]

11 Stroke

71.4 (10.1)

NR

Sub-acute:

1.52 (1.15)

2 Hemorrhagic

9 Ischemic

5 Right; 6 Left

MCA

Independent

(Lee et al., 2018) [30]

20 Stroke

61.74 (6.93)

7/13

Chronic:

36.67 (26.61)

14 Hemorrhagic

6 Ischemic

12 Right; 8 Left

1 cortical; 10 subcortical; 9 mixed

NR

(Liu et al., 2018) [38]

23

51.5 (10.7)

2/21

Chronic:

41.5 (41.4)

11 Hemorrhagic

12 Ischemic

11 Right; 12 Left

Independent

(Mihara et al., 2007) [39]

12 Stroke;

11 Healthy

52.7 (16.9);

42.6 (11.6)

1/11;

NR

Sub-acute:

2.94 (1.49)

6 Hemorrhagic

6 Ischemic

6 Left cerebellum; 1 Right cerebellum; 1 Bilateral cerebellum; 2 Left medulla; 2 Right pontine tegmentum

Independent

(Mitchell et al., 2018) [31]

5 Stroke;

7 Healthy

NR;

Age-matched

NR

Chronic:

NR

NR

Side NR

IC & BG

Independent

(Miyai et al., 2006) [25]

6 Stroke;

5 Healthy

57 (6);

53 (11)

1/5

Sub-acute:

2.5 (0.9)

2 Hemorrhagic

4 Ischemic

2 Right; 4 Left

2 IC & Th; 3 CR; 1 CR & Pt

Independent or with supervision

(Miyai et al., 2003) [43]

8 Stroke

57 (12)

3/5

Sub-acute:

Time 1 = 2.7 (1)

Time 2 = 5.3 (1)

4 Hemorrhagic

4 Ischemic

4 Right; 4 Left

5 subcortical only; 1 cortical only; 2 mixed

Dependent

(Miyai et al., 2002) [24]

6 Stroke

57 (13)

2/4

Sub-acute:

2.7 (1.03)

4 Hemorrhagic

2 Ischemic

2 Right; 4 Left

3 P & CR; 2 Pt, CR, IC; 1 F, P, T, Pt, CR & IC

Maximum assist

(Mori et al., 2018) [26]

14 Stroke;

14 Healthy

61.1 (9.3);

66.3 (13.3)

2/12

Chronic:

NR

9 Hemorrhagic

5 Ischemic

8 Right; 6 Left

Excluded PFC lesions

2 IC; 3 Th; 8 Pt; 1 CR

Independent

(Saitou et al., 200)0 [27]

44 Stroke only 22 completed walking task

66 (9.3)

13/31

Chronic:

34.27 (6.57)

11 Hemorrhagic

33 Ischemic

25 Right; 19 Left

6 Pt; 4 Th; 1 T P; 27 penetrating branches; 6 MCA

Independent

(Sangani et al., 2015) [28]

1 Stroke

71

1

Chronic:

120

NR

Left MCA

Independent

(Sburlea et al., 2015) [29]

9 Stroke;

*10 Healthy young adults

59.7 (11.3);

26.4 (4.8)

3/6;

4/6

Chronic:

75.76 (67.61)

3 Hemorrhagic

6 Ischemic

NR

Independent (not explicitly reported)

  1. NR not reported, F frontal, P parietal, O occipital, T temporal, ACA anterior cerebral artery, MCA middle cerebral artery, BG basal ganglia, IC internal capsule, Th thalamus, CR corona radiata, Pt Putamen, PFC prefrontal cortex
  2. *Sburlea et al. 2017 [46] was included with their 2015 publication as they used the same data set in both studies.