Study | Number of participants | Age | Sex [F/M] | Time post-stroke [months (SD)] | Type of stroke | Lesion location | Walking status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Al-Yahya et al., 2016) [22] | 19 Stroke; 20 Healthy | 59.61 (15.03); 54.35 (9.38) | 2/17; 8/12 | Chronic: 26.5 (27.46) | NR | 11 Right; 8 Left | Independent |
(Calabro et al., 2017) [40] | 24 Stroke (12/group) | 60 (4); 63 (6) | 5/7; 5/7 | Chronic: 7.92 (1.95) | Ischemic | 13 Right; 11 Left 4 F&P; 4 P&O; 4 T&P; 6 P; 6 F | FAC 0–4 |
(Caliandro et al., 2020) [23] | 22 Stroke 15 Healthy | 47–74; 43–69 | 9/13; 6/9 | Chronic: 55.6 (36.6) | Ischemic | 12 Right; 10 Left 3 F; 10 F, T, P & IC; 4 IC; 2 F & IC; 2 T & IC; 1 F & P | Independent |
(Chang et al., 2019) [32] | 2 Stroke | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Independent |
(Chatterjee et al., 2019) [33] | 33 Stroke | 59.6 (9.7) | 11/22 | Chronic: 19.2 (10.4) | NR | 17 Right; 16 Left 4 ACA; 10 MCA; 14 BG & IC; 5 Pons | Moderate-severe walking deficits (walking speed < 0.8 m/s) |
(Chen et al., 2019) [41] | 18 Stroke (9/group) | 50.33 (10.95); 54.67 (8.32) | 1/8; 0/9 | Chronic: 35.63 (27.42) | 9 Hemorrhagic 9 Ischemic | 6 Right; 12 Left | Independent |
(Choi et al., 2016) [34] | 3 Stroke | 62 (9) | 1/2 | Chronic: 10.3 (8.08) | 1 Hemorrhagic 2 Ischemic | 2 Right; 1 Left | Independent |
(Contreras-Vidal et al., 2018) [42] | 5 Stroke | 50.6 (11.46) | 0/5 | Chronic: 65 (65.68) | 2 Hemorrhagic 2 Ischemic 1 Mixed | 4 Right; 1 Left 1 F,T&P; 1 Th; 1 F & P; 2 unclassified | Independent |
(García-Cossio et al., 2015) [35] | 3 Stroke; 10 Healthy young adults | 46.7 (16.9); 32.3 (10.8) | 0/3 | Sub-acute: 2.33(0.56) | 3 Ischemic | 3 Right | “severe difficulties to stand and walk” |
(Hawkins et al., 2018) [36] | 24 Stroke; 15 Healthy older adults; 9 Healthy young adults | 58 (9.3); 77.2 (5.6); 22.4 (3.21) | 8/16; 8/7; 5/4 | Chronic: 18.3(9.3) | NR | NR | “Moderate-severe gait impairment” (based on walking speed < 0.8 m/s) |
(Hermand et al., 2019) [37] | 11 Stroke | 71.4 (10.1) | NR | Sub-acute: 1.52 (1.15) | 2 Hemorrhagic 9 Ischemic | 5 Right; 6 Left MCA | Independent |
(Lee et al., 2018) [30] | 20 Stroke | 61.74 (6.93) | 7/13 | Chronic: 36.67 (26.61) | 14 Hemorrhagic 6 Ischemic | 12 Right; 8 Left 1 cortical; 10 subcortical; 9 mixed | NR |
(Liu et al., 2018) [38] | 23 | 51.5 (10.7) | 2/21 | Chronic: 41.5 (41.4) | 11 Hemorrhagic 12 Ischemic | 11 Right; 12 Left | Independent |
(Mihara et al., 2007) [39] | 12 Stroke; 11 Healthy | 52.7 (16.9); 42.6 (11.6) | 1/11; NR | Sub-acute: 2.94 (1.49) | 6 Hemorrhagic 6 Ischemic | 6 Left cerebellum; 1 Right cerebellum; 1 Bilateral cerebellum; 2 Left medulla; 2 Right pontine tegmentum | Independent |
(Mitchell et al., 2018) [31] | 5 Stroke; 7 Healthy | NR; Age-matched | NR | Chronic: NR | NR | Side NR IC & BG | Independent |
(Miyai et al., 2006) [25] | 6 Stroke; 5 Healthy | 57 (6); 53 (11) | 1/5 | Sub-acute: 2.5 (0.9) | 2 Hemorrhagic 4 Ischemic | 2 Right; 4 Left 2 IC & Th; 3 CR; 1 CR & Pt | Independent or with supervision |
(Miyai et al., 2003) [43] | 8 Stroke | 57 (12) | 3/5 | Sub-acute: Time 1 = 2.7 (1) Time 2 = 5.3 (1) | 4 Hemorrhagic 4 Ischemic | 4 Right; 4 Left 5 subcortical only; 1 cortical only; 2 mixed | Dependent |
(Miyai et al., 2002) [24] | 6 Stroke | 57 (13) | 2/4 | Sub-acute: 2.7 (1.03) | 4 Hemorrhagic 2 Ischemic | 2 Right; 4 Left 3 P & CR; 2 Pt, CR, IC; 1 F, P, T, Pt, CR & IC | Maximum assist |
(Mori et al., 2018) [26] | 14 Stroke; 14 Healthy | 61.1 (9.3); 66.3 (13.3) | 2/12 | Chronic: NR | 9 Hemorrhagic 5 Ischemic | 8 Right; 6 Left Excluded PFC lesions 2 IC; 3 Th; 8 Pt; 1 CR | Independent |
(Saitou et al., 200)0 [27] | 44 Stroke only 22 completed walking task | 66 (9.3) | 13/31 | Chronic: 34.27 (6.57) | 11 Hemorrhagic 33 Ischemic | 25 Right; 19 Left 6 Pt; 4 Th; 1 T P; 27 penetrating branches; 6 MCA | Independent |
(Sangani et al., 2015) [28] | 1 Stroke | 71 | 1 | Chronic: 120 | NR | Left MCA | Independent |
(Sburlea et al., 2015) [29] | 9 Stroke; *10 Healthy young adults | 59.7 (11.3); 26.4 (4.8) | 3/6; 4/6 | Chronic: 75.76 (67.61) | 3 Hemorrhagic 6 Ischemic | NR | Independent (not explicitly reported) |