Table 1 Characteristics of included participants
VR group (n = 25) | Control group (n = 27) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years)* | 53.28 ± 15.30 | 54.11 ± 14.81 | 0.430 |
Post-stroke duration (days)† | 20 (9–45.5) | 8 (6–15) | 0.125 |
Mini-mental state evaluation† | 28 (24.5–29) | 28 (26–29) | 0.918 |
Intervention duration† | 8 (6–14.5) | 7 (6–10) | 0.610 |
Gender | 0.335 | ||
Male | 18 (72) | 16 (59) | |
Female | 7 (28) | 11 (41) | |
Etiology | 0.244 | ||
Ischemic | 21 (84) | 19 (70) | |
Hemorrhage | 4 (16) | 8 (30) | |
Paretic side | 0.099 | ||
Right | 12 (48) | 7 (26) | |
Left | 13 (52) | 20 (74) | |
Handedness | 1.000 | ||
Right | 25 (100) | 26 (96.3) | |
Left | 0 (0) | 1 (3.7) | |
Muscle strength (shoulder flexion) | 0.635 | ||
2 | 3 (12) | 6 (22.2) | |
3 | 12 (48) | 11 (40.7) | |
4 | 6 (24) | 5 (18.5) | |
5 | 4 (16) | 5 (18.5) | |
Muscle tone (elbow flexion) | 0.812 | ||
0 | 21 (84) | 22 (81.5) | |
1 | 4 (16) | 5 (18.5) | |
Educational level | 0.372 | ||
Primary school | 6 (24.0) | 9 (33.3) | |
Middle school | 5 (20.0) | 7 (25.9) | |
High school | 4 (16.0) | 2 (7.4) | |
Associate’s degree | 5 (20.0) | 5 (18.5) | |
Bachelor’s degree or above | 5 (20.0) | 4 (14.8) |