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Table 2 Raw values for pain intensity and for the differences with baseline

From: Virtual reality distraction induces hypoalgesia in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial

 

baseline

During exercisesa

Post exercises

M

SD

M

SD

Difference with baseline

M

SD

Difference with baseline

M

95%CI

M

95%CI

Control

4.86

1.37

5.40

1.74

−0.55

− 0.05 to −1.04

5.35

1.74

− 0.50

− 0.04 to − 0.96

VR

4.79

1.61

3.12

2.45

1.67

1.08 to 2.25

3.95

2.41

0.83

0.31 to 1.36

  1. Differences with baseline were calculated as: baseline pain intensity - pain intensity during/post exercises. A positive value thus indicates a decrease in pain intensity during/post exercises relative to baseline. 95%CI = 95% confidence interval, M = mean, SD = standard deviation, VR = virtual reality.
  2. a Primary study outcome: Isolated between-groups comparison (VR vs Control) for the pain difference during, using an unpaired t-test: p < 0.0001, t82 = 5.83, between groups difference = 2.21 (95% CI = 1.47 to 2.96)