Fig. 3

Motor skill shown for the Train-HMD-VR group in (a) and the Train-Screen group in (b). Light yellow blocks are HMD-VR training blocks, dark yellow blocks are HMD-VR testing blocks. Light blue blocks are Screen training blocks, dark blue blocks are Screen testing blocks. a Motor skill across training blocks in Train-HMD-VR group and both corresponding testing blocks. Participants increased their motor skill after training in HMD-VR (t(34) = − 11.42, p < 0.0001). Transfer to a computer screen occurred as a result of HMD-VR training (t(34) = − 9.12; p < 0.0001); however, the motor skills transferred to a computer screen was less than the motor skills in HMD-VR (t(34) = 2.83, p = 0.0078). b Motor skill across training blocks in Train-Screen group and both corresponding testing blocks. Participants increased their motor skill after training on a computer screen (t(34) = − 9.68, p < 0.0001). Transfer to HMD-VR occurred as a result of computer screen training (t(34) = − 12.52; p < 0.0001); however, the motor skills transferred to HMD-VR was greater than the motor skill on a computer screen (t(34) = − 2.59, p = 0.0142). Indicators of significance: p < 0.05^*, p < 0.01^**, p < 0.0001^****