Fig. 4

Example of outcome measures of the kinematic and muscular performance collected in four representative subjects. For each outcome measure, one example for one healthy subject, one primary dystonia (P4), one severe secondary dystonia (S5) and one mild secondary dystonia (S1) are reported, in green, in blue, in dark red and in light red, respectively. a) SATO, as normalized Error versus normalized Time. Each of the 30 points represents one repetition of figure-8. The linear regression is depicted as dashed lines. b) CV_speed as function of the normalized time. Each of the 30 points represents one figure-8 repetition. The linear regression is depicted as dashed lines. c) Dissimilarity (0–1) of wrist, elbow, and shoulder trajectories (mean and standard among the 30 repetitions of each subject). d) TCI indices for the three principal muscles (BIC, AD, and PD). Each muscle is reported as a stacked bar of x and y components (mean values among the three series (3 × 10 repetitions) for each subject)