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Table 1 Participant Information

From: Movement kinematics and proprioception in post-stroke spasticity: assessment using the Kinarm robotic exoskeleton

 

No Spasticity

(N = 35)

Spasticity

(N = 35)

Age (years)a

62.8 (27–87)

56.5 (18–78)

Sex (M/F)

25/10

24/11

Handedness pre-stroke (L/R/A)

3/31/1

3/32/0

Affected side of body (L/R)

16/19

20/15

Time post stroke (months)a

6.28 (1–14.5)

14.73 (2–154)

Time to intake (days)a

13.7 (4–34)

19.7 (2–39)

CMSA affected arm (at intake)b

3 (2–5)

3 (2–5)

 Scores:

[2 3 4 5]

[2 3 4 5]

 # of participants:

[4 11 15 5]

[4 11 15 5]

MAS (flexors, at time of robotic assessment)b

0

1.5 (1–3)

 Scores:

 

[1 1+  2 3]

 # of participants:

 

[13 10 9 3]

  1. Abbreviations: MAS Modified Ashworth Scale, CMSA Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment (arm), adata presented as mean (range); bdata presented as median (range). The median MAS score of 1.5 represents an actual score of 1+. Time to intake refers to the amount of time between the stroke and CMSA testing, which was completed at their intake into clinic