Effects of virtual reality-based planar motion exercises on upper extremity function, range of motion, and health-related quality of life: a multicenter, single-blinded, randomized, controlled pilot study

Park, Mina; Ko, Myoung-Hwan; Oh, Sang-Wook; Lee, Ji-Yeong; Ham, Yeajin; Yi, Hyoseok; Choi, Younggeun; Ha, Dokyeong; Shin, Joon-Ho

doi:10.1186/s12984-019-0595-8

Table 4 Changes in SIS scores in the SB and CON groups and repeated measures ANCOVA outcomes

From: Effects of virtual reality-based planar motion exercises on upper extremity function, range of motion, and health-related quality of life: a multicenter, single-blinded, randomized, controlled pilot study

	SB group (n = 12)							CON group (n = 12)							RM ANCOVA
	T0	T1	Change (T1-T0)	p-value	T2	Change (T2-T0)	p-value	T0	T1	Change (T1-T0)	p-value	T2	Change (T2-T0)	p-value	F	p-value
Strength	22.3 ± 14.0	29.4 ± 18.0	7.2 ± 10.0	0.034	27.3 ± 20.0	5.1 ± 12.2	0.153	19.7 ± 11.4	28.3 ± 13.1	8.58 ± 10.7	0.027	27.0 ± 14.3	7.3 ± 12.5	0.065	0.327	0.723
Hand function	0.8 ± 1.9	2.9 ± 5.8	2.1 ± 5.8	0.180	2.9 ± 6.2	2.1 ± 6.6	0.285	5.4 ± 8.6	6.3 ± 12.1	0.8 ± 8.5	0.891	8.3 ± 13.7	2.9 ± 12.1	0.357	0.086	0.858
Mobility	50.7 ± 26.0	53.6 ± 20.0	2.9 ± 15.9	0.386	58.5 ± 18.1	7.8 ± 16.5	0.103	69.9 ± 28.9	68.0 ± 30.3	− 1.9 ± 7.9	0.675	73.7 ± 29.1	3.8 ± 7.0	0.046	1.844	0.171
ADLs/IADLs	59.2 ± 15.6	61.7 ± 14.7	2.5 ± 13.6	0.789	62.9 ± 12.6	3.8 ± 12.5	0.307	64.5 ± 15.5	62.5 ± 15.1	− 2.0 ± 6.1	0.259	70.8 ± 16.3	2.5 ± 6.1	0.085	0.667	0.519
Memory and thinking	70.2 ± 20.8	80.1 ± 15.4	9.9 ± 16.1	0.052	76.7 ± 16.9	6.5 ± 16.9	0.258	86.3 ± 10.0	85.5 ± 13.5	− 0.8 ± 7.3	0.865	88.8 ± 11.2	6.3 ± 10.1	0.172	4.484	0.017
Communication	83.8 ± 20.1	90.4 ± 16.8	6.6 ± 18.8	0.123	89.9 ± 19.1	6.1 ± 18.9	0.123	95.2 ± 5.5	90.7 ± 10.4	−4.5 ± 6.2	0.034	92.8 ± 9.5	−2.3 ± 5.4	0.167	4.009	0.051
Emotion	65.1 ± 17.9	70.8 ± 15.1	5.7 ± 15.5	0.182	70.8 ± 18.6	5.7 ± 12.5	0.212	80.5 ± 13.7	79.0 ± 15.8	−1.5 ± 5.5	0.475	80.1 ± 15.3	− 0.4 ± 8.9	0.959	1.901	0.163
Social participation	36.2 ± 20.6	42.8 ± 23.2	6.6 ± 10.1	0.050	41.3 ± 22.5	5.2 ± 9.9	0.096	39.3 ± 12.3	41.5 ± 15.7	2.2 ± 14.5	0.574	41.7 ± 11.1	2.3 ± 9.5	0.444	0.144	0.867
Recovery	31.7 ± 13.5	43.3 ± 13.9	11.7 ± 13.2	0.004	45.0 ± 13.7	13.3 ± 13.9	0.004	47.5 ± 17.1	49.6 ± 15.3	2.1 ± 8.1	0.493	57.5 ± 17.0	10.0 ± 10.2	0.011	2.673	0.081
Overall	388.2 ± 93.4	431.6 ± 58.4	43.4 ± 56.1	0.033	430.3 ± 70.8	42.2 ± 60.5	0.041	460.8 ± 72.0	461.7 ± 85.3	0.8 ± 24.3	0.824	483.3 ± 89.4	22.4 ± 30.2	0.018	3.559	0.038

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. The RM ANCOVA covariates were the time from stroke and FMA baseline data
SIS Stroke impact scale, ANCOVA Analysis of covariance, SB Smart Board intervention, CON Conventional intervention, ADLs/IADLs Activities of daily living/instrumental activities of daily living

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