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Table 3 Changes in FMA, WMFT, AROM, and MBI scores and repeated measures ANCOVA outcomes

From: Effects of virtual reality-based planar motion exercises on upper extremity function, range of motion, and health-related quality of life: a multicenter, single-blinded, randomized, controlled pilot study

 

SB group (n = 12)

CON group (n = 13)

RM ANCOVA

T0

T1

Change (T1-T0)

p -value

T2

Change (T2-T0)

p-value

T0

T1

Change (T1-T0)

p-value

T2

Change (T2-T0)

p-value

F

p-value

FMA-total

17.1 ± 7.5

19.0 ± 7.5

1.9 ± 2.8

0.036

19.6 ± 7.5

2.5 ± 3.7

0.014

19.9 ± 9.9

22.0 ± 10.3

2.1 ± 2.7

0.018

25.50 ± 11.8

5.6 ± 8.6

0.012

0.971

0.387

FMA-prox

13.8 ± 3.7

14.9 ± 3.2

1.2 ± 1.8

0.041

15.0 ± 3.0

1.3 ± 2.1

0.041

16.9 ± 6.5

18.4 ± 6.6

1.5 ± 1.8

0.018

19.9 ± 7.1

3.0 ± 4.6

0.035

1.194

0.301

FMA-dist

2.3 ± 3.5

2.9 ± 3.6

0.6 ± 0.9

0.034

3.4 ± 3.7

1.1 ± 1.8

0.024

1.8 ± 2.8

2.2 ± 3.1

0.4 ± 0.9

0.102

4.0 ± 4.2

2.2 ± 3.6

0.018

0.787

0.462

FMA-coor

1.0 ± 1.8

1.3 ± 2.0

0.3 ± 0.9

0.180

1.3 ± 2.1

0.3 ± 0.9

0.180

1.4 ± 1.8

1.5 ± 1.9

0.1 ± 0.6

0.655

1.7 ± 1.9

0.3 ± 1.2

0.414

0.649

0.528

WMFT-FAS

15.0 ± 10.4

19.3 ± 11.1

4.3 ± 5.9

0.012

20.3 ± 11.0

5.3 ± 6.6

0.008

19.6 ± 14.0

24.4 ± 12.9

4.8 ± 5.9

0.003

29.7 ± 15.1

10.1 ± 10.1

0.001

1.451

0.246

WMFT-time (log)

3.1 ± 0.1

3.01 ± 0.1

−0.1 ± 0.1

0.002

3.0 ± 0.1

−0.1 ± 0.1

0.026

3.0 ± 0.2

3.0 ± 0.2

−0.0 ± 0.1

0.016

2.9 ± 0.2

−0.1 ± 0.1

0.023

0.425

0.577

AROM-Sf

68.8 ± 39.9

88.3 ± 45.7

19.6 ± 11.4

0.004

90.0 ± 44.5

21.3 ± 17.1

0.011

85.8 ± 45.4

95.8 ± 44.9

10.0 ± 10.8

0.016

107.3 ± 49.4

21.5 ± 27.9

0.011

0.928

0.373

AROM-Sab

60.8 ± 41.2

75.0 ± 43.8

14.2 ± 16.9

0.007

82.1 ± 53.8

21.3 ± 23.4

0.007

70.8 ± 42.3

77.3 ± 39.9

6.5 ± 8.0

0.026

80.0 ± 39.6

9.2 ± 14.4

0.041

1.516

0.231

AROM-Sad

29.2 ± 10.8

32.9 ± 11.8

3.8 ± 5.7

0.059

33.0 ± 11.8

10.4 ± 12.9

0.059

28.5 ± 14.6

32.3 ± 13.0

3.9 ± 6.5

0.059

33.9 ± 13.3

5.4 ± 6.6

0.020

0.198

0.722

AROM-Sint

35.5 ± 26.0

42.9 ± 22.2

10.4 ± 12.9

0.026

46.3 ± 19.2

13.8 ± 13.0

0.010

36.9 ± 25.2

41.9 ± 24.1

5.0 ± 10.4

0.109

42.7 ± 24.2

5.8 ± 11.2

0.109

2.221

0.137

AROM-Sext

30.0 ± 37.7

33.8 ± 36.4

3.8 ± 5.7

0.059

37.1 ± 34.3

7.1 ± 8.1

0.026

24.2 ± 29.9

30.4 ± 26.7

6.2 ± 10.4

0.066

36.2 ± 29.8

11.9 ± 14.1

0.026

0.335

0.717

AROM-total

221.3 ± 136.2

272.9 ± 134.8

51.7 ± 37.1

0.002

288.3 ± 138.9

67.1 ± 44.3

0.003

246.2 ± 136.8

277.7 ± 123.3

31.5 ± 30.4

0.005

294.4 ± 131.1

53.9 ± 56.5

0.003

0.729

0.454

MBI

69.8 ± 16.4

74.9 ± 16.8

5.1 ± 6.8

0.018

78.4 ± 13.2

8.6 ± 13.1

0.036

70.7 ± 17.9

76.5 ± 15.5

5.9 ± 7.4

0.018

78.9 ± 14.4

8.6 ± 10.2

0.005

0.101

0.848

  1. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. The RM ANCOVA covariates were the time from stroke and FMA baseline data
  2. ANCOVA Analysis of covariance, SB Smart Board intervention, CON Conventional intervention, FMA Fugl–Meyer assessment (FMA-total, FMA-proximal, FMA-distal, FMA-coordination), WMFT Wolf motor function test (WMFT-total, WMFT-functional ability scale, WMFT-time), WMFT-time presented as a log value, AROM Active range of motion (Sf Shoulder flexion, Sab Shoulder abduction, Sad Shoulder adduction, Sint Shoulder internal rotation, Sext Shoulder external rotation), MBI Modified Barthel index