Fig. 5

Post-test mean auricular movement (mm) by session for the left (a) and right (b) auricle for each of the 10 participants who completed the full protocol. These test measures were taken shortly after completion of each session and without feedback. Attempts at ear motion are shown following each facilitation phase session on the left (sessions #1–9), and ear motion after each skill acquisition session are shown on the right side of each plot (session 10–14).The number of sessions varied between participants as reflected by the individual line plots. For example, participant #13 (Learner) experienced 3 facilitation sessions and was successful in all three games during the first skill acquisition session (seen as a singular symbol for session 10). This is in contrast to participant # 6 (Poor/Non-Learner), who had a full complement of 14 training sessions (9 facilitation and 5 skill acquisition) but succeeded in only 2 out of 3 games