Table 2 Included studies reported by design and subject specifications
Study | Design | N | Subjects | Age range or mean age ± one standard deviation (years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Feltz et al. 2012 [34] | Randomized | 135 | Undergraduate students | 19.8±2.7 |
Ganesh et al. 2014 [27] | Within subject | 74 | Healthy subjects | 25 …42 |
Goršič et al. 2017 [31] | Within subject | 29 | Patients (ischemic stroke: 19; hemorrhagic stroke: 3; brain tumor: 4; shoulder rotator cuff tear: 2; traumatic brain injury: 1) with chronic arm impairment | 56.7±14.7 |
Goršič et al. 2017 [32] | Within subject | 35 | 15 patients (ischemic stroke: 9; hemorrhagic stroke: 1; ischemic stroke followed by hemorrhagic stroke: 2; traumatic brain injury: 1; cerebral palsy 2) with chronic arm impairment / 20 patients in the acute or subacute phase of stroke | 52.7±13.7/57.8±11.7 |
Goršič et al. 2017 [33] | Within subject | 69 | 64 unimpaired friends (undergraduate students) / 5 arm impaired due to neurological injuries (ischemic stroke: 3; traumatic brain injury: 1; spinal cord injury: 1) | 25.6±6.9/24…51 |
Johnson et al. 2008 [28] | Within subject | 18 | Healthy subjects | 21 …62 |
Mace et al. 2017 [29] | Within subject | 48 | 32 healthy / 16 hemiparetic stroke survivors using their impaired arm | 26.3±4.5/70.3±19.7 |
Novak et al. 2014 [30] | Within subject | 38 | 30 unimpaired (no cognitive or motor impairment) / 8 stroke patients | 25 …73 / 22 …69 |
Peng and Crouse 2013 [35] | Assigned | 162 | Undergraduate communication class | 18 …23 |
Peng and Hsieh 2012 [36] | Within subject | 158 | Undergraduate communication class at a large Midwestern university | 18 …23 |
Staiano et al. 2012 [25] | Randomized | 31 | Low-income, adolescents, public high school | 15 …19 |
Staiano et al. 2013 [26] | RCT | 31 | Adolescents, urban public high school | 15 …19 |
Verhoeven et al. 2015 [24] | Within subject | 43 | Seventh grade students exhibiting an inactive lifestyle | 12 …16 |