Ref. | Protocol | Onset timings | Peak timings | Offset timings | Metabolic cost | Soleus activity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
w.r.t. U | w.r.t. U | |||||
Galle, 2017 [21] ♢ | 4 onset conditions, fixed offset | Earliest (36%) | / | 64% | -(14% - 18%) | -40% (peak) in Earliest, smaller reduction for later onset timings |
Early (42%) | -(16% - 21%) | |||||
Late (48%) | -(16% - 17%) | |||||
Latest (54%) | -8% | |||||
Malcolm, 2013 [18] ♢ | 5 onset conditions, fixed offset | 13% | / | 63% | -5% | / |
23% | -12% | |||||
34% | -15% | |||||
43% | -17% | |||||
54% | -2% | |||||
Zhang, 2017 [46] □ | Iterative learning to find optimal onset, peak, offset timings to reduce metabolic cost | 17% - 37% (varied among subjects) | 48% - 55% (varied among subjects) | 59% - 65% (varied among subjects) | -(14% - 37%) (varied among subjects) | / |
or soleus activation | 9% | 44% | 61% | / | -41% (rms) |