Ref. | Subjects | Pos. assistance magnitude | Onset time | Metabolic cost | Soleus activation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
w.r.t. N | w.r.t. U | w.r.t. N | w.r.t. U | ||||
Awad, 2017 [64] ⋆ | Str | / | 28% or 37% | / | -10% | / | / |
Bae, 2018 [27] ⋆ | Str | / | individualized onset timings from [64], varied between 26% and 40% | / | -10% | / | / |
Galle, 2017 [21] ♢ | H | 0.21 W/kg | 48% | lower but not significant | -16% | lower but not significant | lower but not significant |
Galle, 2017 [56] ♢ | E | 0.11 W/kg | 49% | lower but not significant | -12% | / | / |
Norris, 2007 [55] △∗ | H | 0.059 W/kg | / | +8% | -5% | / | / |
E | 0.043 W/kg | / | higher but not significant | lower but not significant | / | / | |
Sawicki, 2006 [65] △ | iSCI | / | 34% (therapist) | / | / | similar | -(7%-19%) |
/ | 44% (patient) | / | / | similar | -(12%-27%) | ||
Takahashi, 2015 [39] ≀ | Str | 0.018 - 0.023 W/kg | 32% | higher but not significant | lower but not significant | -35% | -24% |