Table 10 Effects of powered walking on the ankle kinematics and gait pattern of impaired patients

Awad, 2017 [63] (Str)

↑ Df in swing (4.78 deg) w.r.t. U

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Awad, 2017 [64] (Str), tethered

↑ Df in swing (5.33 deg) w.r.t. U

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↓ in peak propulsion w.r.t. U (20%)

↑ peak propulsion (11%) w.r.t. U

↓ in propulsion impulse w.r.t. U (19%)

Awad, 2017 [64] (Str), untethered

↑ Df in swing (4.9 deg) w.r.t. U

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↓ in propulsion w.r.t. U (16.3%)

↑ peak propulsion (13%) w.r.t. U

↑ propulsion impulse (14%) w.r.t. U

Bae, 2015 [26] (Str)

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↓ in step time by 6% w.r.t. N

↓ in stance time by 4% w.r.t. N

↓ in propulsion by 7% w.r.t. N

Bae, 2018 [27] (Str)

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↓ in positive body CoM power by 39% w.r.t. U

↓ in ankle power by 40% w.r.t. U

Blaya, 2004 [51] (Dfi)

↑ Df in swing (37%-200%) for all speeds w.r.t. A; ↑ Pf in stance (25%-89%) for all speeds w.r.t. A

eliminated in P and A at slow and self-selected speed; at fast speed ↓ by 67% in P w.r.t. A

↓ in step length w.r.t. A and N (up to 100%); ↓ in step time w.r.t. A (up to 75%) and N (up to 94%)

Sawicki, 2006 [65] (iSCI)

↑ PO angle w.r.t. U (up to 14.5 deg) and N (up to 10.7 deg) for all speeds in therapist-control, results in patient-control lower than in therapist-control;

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better improvements at lower speeds

Shorter, 2011 [52] (Pfi)

kinematics minimally affected by PAFO (slightly ↓ Df)

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Shorter, 2011 [53] (Pfi)

↓ Df

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shifted from 2% longer right step in N to 2% and 6% longer left step in U and P

Shorter, 2011 [53] (Dfi)

corrected RoM during swing; ↓ RoM in late stance

reduced

shifted from 1% longer right step in N to 4% and 2% longer left step in U and P; eliminated for step time

Takahashi, 2015 [39] (Str)

RoM more dorsiflexed in U and P w.r.t. N

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Yeung, 2017 [54] (Str)

no improvements in PO

reduced

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