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Table 6 Assessment of risk of bias of the studies using Cochrane Collaboration’s risk of bias tool

From: The effects of error-augmentation versus error-reduction paradigms in robotic therapy to enhance upper extremity performance and recovery post-stroke: a systematic review

 

Random sequence generation (selection bias)

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias)

Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias)

Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias)

Selective reporting (reporting bias)

Other bias

Abdollahi et al. [52]

Lowa

Highb

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Bouchard et al. [61]

Low

High

Low

Low

Low

Low

Short training period

Cesqui et al. [58]

High

High

Unclearc

High

High

High

Small sample size, baseline differences between groups

Givon-Mayo et al. [63]

Low

High

High

High

High

Unclear

Very small sample size, baseline differences between groups

Huang and Patton [59]

Low

High

High

High

Low

Low

Short training period

Kahn et al. [55]

Low

High

High

Low

Unclear

High

Small sample size, short training period

Majeed et al. [62]

Low

High

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Patton et al. [53]

Low

High

High

Low

Low

Low

Short training period, small sample size

Patton et al. [24]

High

High

High

High

Low

Low

Short training period

Rozario et al. [60]

Low

High

High

Low

Low

Low

Small sample size

Takahashi et al. [56]

Low

High

Low

High

High

Low

Small sample size

Timmermans et al. [57]

Low

Low

High

Low

Low

Low

Low

Tropea et al. [54]

Low

High

High

Low

Low

High

Small sample size

  1. aLow: low risk of bias; bHigh: high risk of bias; cUnclear: unclear risk of bias