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Table 2 Characteristics of the included studies

From: What do randomized controlled trials say about virtual rehabilitation in stroke? A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of upper-limb and cognitive outcomes

 

Participant Characteristics

Study Design

First Author, Year (Reference)

N (VR/CT)

Mean Age at Intervention

Time Since Stroke (Weeks)

Recovery stage

Stroke Type

Cohort Origin

VR Type

Implementation Parameters

Control Type

Outcomes

Assis, 2014

4/4

55.0

269.6

Chronic

NR

Brazil

VE

One hour training once a week, for 4 weeks

Active

Body Function

Broeren, 2008a

11/11

68.0

306.1

Chronic

Mixed

Sweden

VE

Forty-five minutes training, 3 times a week for 4 weeks

Passive

Activity

Chen, 2015 Study 1

8/8

49.2

36.3

Chronic

NR

Taiwan

CG

Thirty minutes training 3 times a week for 8 weeks

Active

Body Function, Activity

Chen, 2015 Study 2

8/8

53.3

37.8

Chronic

NR

Taiwan

CG

Thirty minutes training 3 times a week for 8 weeks

Active

Body Function, Activity

Choi, 2014c

10/10

64.7

NR

NR

Mixed

Korea

CG

Thirty minutes training, 5 times a week for 4 weeks

Active

Body Function, Activity, Cognitive

Crosbie, 2012a,c

9/9

60.4

46.9

Chronic

NR

UK

VE

Thirty minutes training, 3 times a week for 3 weeks

Active

Activity

da Silva Cameirão, 2011a,b

8/8

61.4

1.9

Subacute

Mixed

Spain

VE

Study 1: Twenty minutes training, 3 times a week for 5 weeks.Study 2: Twenty minutes training, 3 times a week for 12 weeks.

Active

Body Function, Activity

da Silva Ribeiro, 2015

15/15

53.3

222.7

Chronic

NR

Brazil

CG

One hour training twice a week, for 8 weeks

Active

Body Function, Activity

Duff, 2010

11/10

68.5

56.3

Chronic

Mixed

USA

VE

One hour training 3 times a week, for 4 weeks

Active

Body Function, Activity, Participation

Gamito, 2015

10/10

55.0

NR

NR

NR

Portugal

VE

One hour training 3 times a week, for 6 weeks

Passive

Cognitive

Givon 2015

19/18

59.4

146.0

Chronic

Mixed

Israel

CG

One hour training 2 times a week, for 12 weeks

Active

Body Function, Activity

Housman, 2009b

15/16

55.3

427.8

Chronic

Mixed

USA

VE

One hour training 3 times a week, for 8 weeks

Passive

Body Function, Participation

In, 2012a

11/8

64.0

57.9

Chronic

Mixed

Korea

VE

Thirty minutes training, 5 times a week for 4 weeks

Active

Body Function, Activity

Kihoon, 2012a

15/14

63.9

NR

NR

NR

Korea

CG

One hour training 5 times a week, for 4 weeks

Passive

Body Function, Cognitive

Kim, 2011b

15/13

64.2

3.0

Subacute

Mixed

Korea

CG

Thirty minutes training, 3 times a week for 4 weeks

Passive

Activity, Cognitive

Kim, 2012a,b

10/7

48.2

54.8

Chronic

Mixed

Korea

CG

Thirty minutes training, 3 times a week for 3 weeks

Passive

Activity

Kiper, 2011a,b

40/40

64.0

25.0

Chronic

Mixed

Italy

VE

One hour training 5 times a week, for 4 weeks

Active

Body Function, Activity

Kiper, 2014

23/21

64.3

18.3

Chronic

Mixed

Italy

VE

One hour training 5 times a week, for 4 weeks

Active

Body Function, Activity

Kong, 2016

31/33

57.5

1.96

Subacute

Mixed

Singapore

CG

One hour training 4 times a week, for 3 weeks

Passive

Body Function, Activity

Kottink, 2014

8/10

61.4

173.1

Chronic

Mixed

The Netherlands

VE

Thirty minutes training, 3 times a week for 6 weeks

Active

Body Function, Activity

Kwon, 2012 a,b

13/13

57.5

34.9

Chronic

Mixed

Korea

CG

Thirty minutes training, 5 times a week for 4 weeks

Passive

Body Function, Activity

Lee, 2013

7/7

74.1

33.8

Chronic

Mixed

Korea

CG

Thirty minutes training, 3 times a week for 6 weeks

Passive

Body Function, Activity

Levin, 2012

6/6

59.0

165.3

Chronic

Mixed

Israel

VE

Forty-five minutes training, 3 times a week for 3 weeks

Active

Body Function, Participation

Piron, 2009 a,b,c

18/18

65.2

57.9

Chronic

Ischemic, MCA

Italy

VE

One hour training 5 times a week, for 4 weeks

Active

Body Function

Piron, 2010 a,b,c

27/23

60.5

66.2

Chronic

Ischemic, MCA

Italy

VE

One hour training 5 times a week, for 4 weeks

Active

Body Function, Activity

Saposnik, 2016

59/62

62.0

3.7

Subacute

Ischemic

Canada, Argentina, Peru, Thailand

CG

One hour training 5 times a week, for 2 weeks

Passive

Body Function, Activity

Shin, 2014

9/7

49.3

10.3

Subacute

NR

Korea

VE

Twenty minutes training, 5 times a week for 2 weeks

Active

Body Function, Activity

Shin, 2015 c

16/16

54.0

26.2

Chronic

NR

Korea

VE

Thirty minutes training, 5 times a week for 4 weeks

Active

Body Function, Activity

Sin, 2013b

18/17

73.7

34.1

Chronic

Mixed

Korea

CG

Thirty minutes training, 3 times a week for 6 weeks

Passive

Body Function, Activity

Standen, 2017

9/9

61.0

NR

NR

NR

UK

VE

Twenty minutes training, 3 times a day for 8 weeks

Passive

Body Function, Activity, Participation

Yavuzer, 2008 a,b,c

10/10

61.1

17.2

Chronic

NR

Turkey

CG

Thirty minutes training, 5 times a week for 4 weeks

Passive

Activity

Yin, 2014

11/10

58.4

2.3

Subacute

NR

Singapore

VE

Thirty minutes training, 5 times a week for 2 weeks

Passive

Body Function, Activity, Participation

  1. Note: CG Commercial Gaming, NR Not Reported, VE Virtual Environment
  2. Articles included in previous reviews: aArticle included in the Lohse review [11] bArticle included in the Laver review [46]; cArticle included in the Palma review [58]