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Table 2 Energy expenditure (EE) estimates for different group using SPA

From: Variables influencing wearable sensor outcome estimates in individuals with stroke and incomplete spinal cord injury: a pilot investigation validating two research grade sensors

 

EE estimates from standard algorithm.

Mean [95% CI [LB, UB] in kCals / min

Kruskal Wallis test statistics

Effect size

Activity/Group

A arm (right)

A waist (right)

A ankle (right)

Metria (M arm (left))

Cosmed K4B2

χ2, p, mean rank [device, cosmed]

E2 =

\( \left\{\frac{x2}{\frac{\left({N}^2-1\right)}{\left(N+1\right)}}\right\} \)

Lying

Healthy

0.07

[−.04, .17]*

0.03

[−.01, .06]*

0.06

[−.01, .13]*

2.04

[1.82, 2.26] †

3.2

[2.67, 3.72]

A arm: 14.3, p < .001, [5.5, 15.5]

A waist: 14.3, p < .001, [5.5, 15.5]

A ankle: 14.3, p < .001, [5.5, 15.5]

M arm: 13.7, p < .001, [5.6, 15.4]

A arm: .75

A waist: .75

A ankle: .75

M arm: .72

iSCI

.001

[.001, .001]*

.001

[.001, .001]*

.001

[.001, .001]*

1.86

[1.42, 2.31]

1.59

[1.26, 1.91]

A arm: 11.3, p = .001, [4.5, 12.5]

A waist: 11.3, p = .001, [4.5, 12.5]

A ankle: 11.3, p = .001, [4.5, 12.5]

M arm: 1.1, p = .3, [9.7,7.2]

A arm: .75

A waist: .75

A ankle: .75

M arm: .07

Stroke (L)

.002

[.00, .006]*

.118

[−.183, .421]*

.02

[−.03, .015]*

1.65

[1.30,1.99]

1.59

[1.18, 1.99]

A arm: 8.3, p = .004, [3.5, 9.5]

A waist: 8.3, p = .004, [3.5, 9.5]

A ankle: 8.3, p = .004, [3.5, 9.5]M arm: 0.4, p = .5, [7.1, 5.8]

A arm: .76

A waist: .76

ankle: .76

M arm: .04

Stroke (R)

.001

[.001, .001]*

.001

[.001, .001]*

.001

[.001, .001]*

1.59

[1.13, 2.05]

1.65

[.99, 2.30]

A arm: 5.3, p = .02, [2.5, 6.5]

A waist: 5.3, p = .02, [2.5, 6.5]

A ankle: 5.3, p = .02, [2.5, 6.5]

M arm: 0.0, p = .99, [4.5, 4.5]

A arm: .76

A waist: .76

A ankle: .76

M arm: .00

Sitting

Healthy

.031

[−.003, .070]*

.003

[.001, .005]*

.009

[−.006, .024]*

2.33

[1.94, 2.73]

2.08

[1.82, 2.35]

A arm: 14.3, p < .001, [5.5, 15.5]

A waist: 14.3, p < .001, [5.5, 15.5]

A ankle: 14.3, p < .001, [5.5, 15.5]

M arm: 1.3, p = .3, [12.0,9.0]

A arm: .75

A waist: .75

A ankle: .75

M arm: .07

iSCI

.04

[−.025, .120]*

.003

[−.001, .008]*

.001

[.001, .001]*

1.92

[1.47, 2.37]

1.48

[1.25, 1.71]

A arm: 11.3, p = .001, [4.5, 12.5]

A waist: 11.3, p = .001, [4.5, 12.5]

A ankle: 11.3, p = .001, [4.5, 12.5]

M arm: 2.8, p = .1, [10.5,6.5]

A arm: .75

A waist: .75

A ankle: .75

M arm: .20

Stroke (L)

.05

[−.054, .152]*

.050

[−.065, .166]*

.017

[−.015, .05]*

1.64

[1.32,1.95]

1.31

[1.04, 1.57]

A arm: 8.3, p = .004, [3.5, 9.5]

A waist: 8.3, p = .004, [3.5, 9.5]

A ankle: 8.3, p = .004, [3.5, 9.5]

M arm: 2.8, p = .1, [8.25,4.75]

A arm: .76

A waist: .76

A ankle: .76

M arm: .26

Stroke (R)

.001

[.001, .001]*

.001

[.001, .001]*

.001

[.001, .001]*

1.58

[1.16, 1.99] †

1.19

[.96, 1.43]

A arm: 5.3, p = .02, [2.5, 6.5]

A waist: 5.3, p = .02, [2.5, 6.5]

A ankle: 5.3, p = .02, [2.5, 6.5]

M arm: 4.1, p = .04, [6.2, 2.7]

A arm: .76

A waist: .76

A ankle: .76

M arm: .58

Standing

Healthy

.015

[−.007, .038]*

.002

[.002, .003]*

.004

[.00, .008]*

2.11

[1.68, 2.52]

1.94

[1.65, 2.23]

A arm: 14.3, p < .001, [5.5, 15.5]

A waist: 14.3, p < .001, [5.5, 15.5]

A ankle: 14.3, p < .001, [5.5, 15.5]

M arm: .28, p = .6, [11.2, 9.8]

A arm: .75

A waist: .75

A ankle: .75

M arm: .01

iSCI

.022

[−.026, .072]*

.001

[.001, .001]*

.001

[.001, .001]*

2.17

[1.32, 3.02]

1.74

[1.34, 2.13]

A arm: 11.3, p = .001, [4.5, 12.5]

A waist: 11.3, p = .001, [4.5, 12.5]

A ankle: 11.3, p = .001, [4.5, 12.5]

M arm: .54, p = .5, [9.3,7.6]

A arm: .75

A waist: .75

A ankle: .75

M arm: .04

Stroke (L)

1.53

[−.24, .55]*

.002

[.00, .003]*

.011

[−.015, .037]*

1.70

[1.33,2.08]

1.55

[1.11,1.97]

A arm: 8.3, p = .004, [3.5, 9.5]

A waist: 8.3, p = .004, [3.5, 9.5]

A ankle: 8.3, p = .004, [3.5, 9.5]

M arm: .9, p = .3, [7.5, 5.5]

A arm: .76

A waist: .76

A ankle: .76

M arm: .08

Stroke (R)

.001

[.001, .001]*

.001

[.001, .001]*

.001

[.001, .001]*

1.6

[1.17, 2.02]

1.42

[.81, 2.04]

A arm: 5.3, p = .02, [2.5, 6.5]

A waist: 5.3, p = .02, [2.5, 6.5]

A ankle: 5.3, p = .02, [2.5, 6.5]

M arm: .7, p = .4, [5.2, 3.7]

A arm: .76

A waist: .76

A ankle: .76

M arm: .11

50 steps walk

Healthy

2.02

[1.54, 2.50]*

1.78

[1.29, 2.26]*

4.21

[3.38, 5.03]

2.16

[1.89, 2.44] †

2.98

[2.44, 3.52]

A arm: 7.0, p = .008, [7.0, 14.0]

A waist: 10.1, p = .001, [6.3, 14.7]

A ankle: 5.5, p = .02, [13.6, 7.4]

M arm: 7.0, p = .008, [7.0,14.0]

A arm: .37

A waist: .53

A ankle: .29

M arm: .37

iSCI

1.26

[.65, 1.88]*

.64

[.18, 1.09]*

2.71

[.35, 5.07]

2.71

[.79, 4.63] †

3.52

[2.47, 4.57]

A arm: 9.3, p = .002, [4.8, 12.3]

A waist: 11.3, p = .001, [4.5, 12.5]

A ankle: 2.2, p = .14, [6.7, 10.2]

M arm: 5.8, p = .02, [5.6,11.4]

A arm: .62

A waist: .75

A ankle: .14

M arm: .39

Stroke (L)

2.65

[.63, 4.67]

1.67

[−.58, 3.93]

5.75

[3.38, 8.12]*

1.77

[1.26,2.29] †

2.78

[1.92, 3.65]

A arm: .6, p = .4, [5.7, 7.3]

A waist: 1.3, p = .3, [5.3, 7.6]

A ankle: 6.6, p = .01, [9.1, 3.8]

M arm: 6.5, p = .01, [3.8, 9.1]

A arm: .06

A waist: .11

A ankle: .60

M arm: .41

Stroke (R)

2.83

[.67, 4.98]

2.0

[.93, 3.06]

2.97

[.04, 5.90]

1.91

[.95, 2.86]

2.74

[1.72, 3.76]

A arm: .1, p = .8, [4.2, 4.7]

A waist: .7, p = .4, [3.7, 5.2]

A ankle: .1, p = .8, [4.2, 4.7]

M arm: 2.1, p = .15, [3.2, 5.7]

A arm: .01

A waist: .11

A ankle: .01

M arm: .30

6 min walk test

Healthy

5.9

[3.85, 7.95]

6.22

[4.23, 8.20]

9.73

[8.36, 11.1]*

5.98

[5.21, 6.75]

6.63

[5.78, 7.48]

A arm: .3, p = .6, [9.8, 11.2]

A waist: .02, p = .9, [10.3, 10.7]

A ankle: 11.1, p = .001, [14.9, 6.1]

M arm: 1.0, p = .3, [9.2, 11.8]

A arm: .01

A waist: .00

A ankle: .58

M arm: .05

iSCI

2.07

[.46, 3.68]*

.78

[.13,1.43]*

2.05

[.46, 3.65]*

5.32

[3.11, 7.54]

4.94

[3.3, 6.57]

A arm: 6.4, p = .012, [5.5, 11.5]

A waist: 11.3, p = 0.001, [4.5, 12.5]

A ankle: 6.3, p = .012, [5.5, 11.5]

M arm: .04, p = .8, [8.7,8.2]

A arm: .42

A waist: .75

A ankle: .42

M arm: .00

Stroke (L)

6.11

[1.42, 10.81]

4.69

[−1.91, 10.58]

9.54

[4.97, 14.11]

5.37

[2.65,8.10]

5.81

[1.97,9.66]

A arm: .03, p = .9, [6.3, 6.7]

A waist: 1.3, p = .3, [5.3, 7.7]

A ankle: 4.3, p = .04, [8.7, 4.3]

M arm: .03, p = .9, [6.3, 6.7]

A arm: .00

A waist: .11

A ankle: .39

M arm: .00

Stroke (R)

6.96

[4.16, 9.76]

6.10

[4.03, 8.17]

6.76

[4.01, 9.52]

4.56

[3.35, 5.77]

6.27

[4.17, 8.36]

A arm: .1, p = .8, [4.7, 4.2]

A waist: .1, p = .8, [4.7, 4.2]

A ankle: .1, p = .8, [4.7, 4.2]

M arm: 3, p = .08, [3.0, 6.0]

A arm: .01

A waist: .01

A ankle: .01

M arm: .43

Multi-sit-to-stand

Healthy

7.92

[5.91, 9.93]

6.02

[3.91, 8.13]

.151

[−.160, .462]*

3.55

[2.94, 4.16] †

6.79

[5.00, 8.59]

A arm: .7, p = .4, [11.6, 9.4]

A waist: .8, p = .4, [9.3, 11.7]

A ankle: 14.3, p < .001, [5.5,15.5]

M arm: 9.1, p = .002, [6.5, 14.5]

A arm: .04

A waist: .04

A ankle: .75

M arm: .48

iSCI

4.64

[2.4, 6.9]

1.53

[.66, 2.39]*

.05

[−.011, .104]*

3.33

[1.35, 5.31]

3.82

[3.19, 4.44]

A arm: .5, p = .5, [9.4, 7.6]

A waist: 9.9, p = .002, [4.7, 12.2]

A ankle: 11.3, p = .001, [4.5, 12.5]

M arm: 2.8, p = .1, [6.5,10.5]

A arm: .04

A waist: .66

A ankle: .75

M arm: .19

Stroke (L)

6.56

[3.2, 9.92]

5.45

[1.53, 9.38]

.11

[.00, .22]*

2.03

[1.58,2.48] †

4.95

[2.64, 7.26]

A arm: .9, p = .3, [7.5, 5.5]

A waist: .00, p = .99, [6.5, 6.5]

A ankle: 8.3, p = .004, [3.5, 9.5]

M arm: 7.4, p = .006, [3.7, 9.3]

A arm: .08

A waist: .00

A ankle: .76

M arm: .67

Stroke (R)

2.89

[.46, 5.33]

5.37

[2.52, 8.21]

.22

[−.36, .80]

2.1

[1.27, 2.93] †

4.75

[3.32, 6.19]

A arm: 3, p = .08, [3.0,6.0]

A waist: .3, p = .6, [5.0, 4.0]

A ankle: 5.3, p = .02, [2.5, 6.5]

M arm: 5.3, p = .02, [2.5, 6.5]

A arm: .43

A waist: .05

A ankle: .76

M arm: .76

  1. †p < 0.05 (Metria-IH1); *p < 0.016 (ActiGraph)