Fig. 1

USEAs implanted in human peripheral arm nerves were used to provide amputees with multi-DOF control of virtual prosthetic hand movement and restore numerous hand sensations. a Scanning electron microscope image of a USEA [21]. b Two USEAs were implanted in each subject (S4, shown here), one in each of the median and ulnar arm nerves. An organic nerve wrap, fastened with vascular clips, enclosed each USEA. c USEA lead wires and ground and reference wires were connected to external connectors via a percutaneous incision (S3, shown here). d USEA recordings were used to provide subjects with control of movement of a virtual prosthetic hand (S3, shown here). e USEA stimulation was used to provide subjects with numerous sensations on the phantom hand. Subjects documented the nature of each sensation (location, quality, and intensity/size) using custom software