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Table 3 Change in mechanical efficiency, energy expenditure, heart rate, propulsion technique and variability (CV) between the pre- and the post-test for the variable practice (N = 11) and the control group (N = 12). Mean and SD of the original data. P values are based on multilevel regression model outcomes (main effect of time and interaction effect time × group)

From: Effects of variable practice on the motor learning outcomes in manual wheelchair propulsion

 

Variable practice N = 11

 

Control N = 12

  

Meana ± SD

Meana ± SD

Outcome Measure

Pre-Test

Post-Test

p value Time

Pre-Test

Post-Test

p value Time

p value Time × Group

 Mechanical Efficiency (%)

4.5 ± 0.6

5.7 ± 0.7

<0.001

4.5 ± 0.6

4.4 ± 0.5

0.587

<0.001

 Energy Expenditure (W)

368.2 ± 59.8

303.7 ± 42.6

<0.001

372.4 ± 61.0

346.7 ± 41.1

0.047

0.070

 Heart rate (beats per minute)

125.9 ± 27.4

103.1 ± 19.0

<0.001

108.2 ± 21.4

100.6 ± 16.6

0.441

0.027

Propulsion Technique (unit of measurement)

 Frequency (pushes/min)

65.4 ± 12.3

57.8 ± 8.6

0.011

72.3 ± 17.2

60.0 ± 16.7

0.008

0.296

 Contact Angle (degrees)

67.0 ± 8.6

77.6 ± 9.1

<0.001

57.7 ± 11.9

70.3 ± 12.8

0.001

0.322

 Braking Torque (Nm)

−1.1 ± 0.8

−0.5 ± 0.4

<0.001

−1.0 ± 0.7

−0.7 ± 0.5

0.088

0.216

 Positive Work (J)

9.0 ± 1.8

9.7 ± 1.8

0.369

8.3 ± 2.0

9.0 ± 2.6

0.105

0.397

 Max Torque (Nm)

12.5 ± 2.2

11.6 ± 1.9

0.084

13.2 ± 2.0

12.3 ± 2.1

0.305

0.729

Variability (%)

 CV Meanb

21.4 ± 4.2

32.7 ± 6.1

<0.001

20.5 ± 4.6

18.5 ± 3.2

0.484

<0.001

 CV Frequency

7.5 ± 3.0

6.7 ± 4.2

0.536

9.5 ± 5.1

6.8 ± 2.3

0.113

0.335

 CV Contact Angle

10.7 ± 3.0

34.4 ± 5.6

<0.001

12.8 ± 3.6

9.3 ± 2.4

0.013

<0.001

 CV Braking Torque

48.7 ± 18.9

70.5 ± 25.3

0.091

40.8 ± 9.9

43.6 ± 15.6

0.228

0.200

 CV Positive Work

22.0 ± 4.0

38.4 ± 7.2

<0.001

23.2 ± 5.7

16.6 ± 4.2

0.002

<0.001

 CV Max Torque

19.2 ± 3.7

15.4 ± 2.8

<0.001

18.5 ± 3.6

15.7 ± 3.4

0.053

0.242

Relative Power Output (W/kg)

0.22 ± 0.01

0.23 ± 0.02

0.005

0.23 ± 0.01

0.21 ± 0.02

<0.001

<0.001

  1. aMean of 3 blocks of pre- or post-test
  2. bMean CV of Frequency, Contact Angle, Braking Torque, Positive Work and Max Torque