From: Effects of variable practice on the motor learning outcomes in manual wheelchair propulsion
 | Variable practice N = 11 |  | Control N = 12 |  |  | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meana ± SD | Meana ± SD | ||||||
Outcome Measure | Pre-Test | Post-Test | p value Time | Pre-Test | Post-Test | p value Time | p value Time × Group |
 Mechanical Efficiency (%) | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 5.7 ± 0.7 | <0.001 | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 0.587 | <0.001 |
 Energy Expenditure (W) | 368.2 ± 59.8 | 303.7 ± 42.6 | <0.001 | 372.4 ± 61.0 | 346.7 ± 41.1 | 0.047 | 0.070 |
 Heart rate (beats per minute) | 125.9 ± 27.4 | 103.1 ± 19.0 | <0.001 | 108.2 ± 21.4 | 100.6 ± 16.6 | 0.441 | 0.027 |
Propulsion Technique (unit of measurement) | |||||||
 Frequency (pushes/min) | 65.4 ± 12.3 | 57.8 ± 8.6 | 0.011 | 72.3 ± 17.2 | 60.0 ± 16.7 | 0.008 | 0.296 |
 Contact Angle (degrees) | 67.0 ± 8.6 | 77.6 ± 9.1 | <0.001 | 57.7 ± 11.9 | 70.3 ± 12.8 | 0.001 | 0.322 |
 Braking Torque (Nm) | −1.1 ± 0.8 | −0.5 ± 0.4 | <0.001 | −1.0 ± 0.7 | −0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.088 | 0.216 |
 Positive Work (J) | 9.0 ± 1.8 | 9.7 ± 1.8 | 0.369 | 8.3 ± 2.0 | 9.0 ± 2.6 | 0.105 | 0.397 |
 Max Torque (Nm) | 12.5 ± 2.2 | 11.6 ± 1.9 | 0.084 | 13.2 ± 2.0 | 12.3 ± 2.1 | 0.305 | 0.729 |
Variability (%) | |||||||
 CV Meanb | 21.4 ± 4.2 | 32.7 ± 6.1 | <0.001 | 20.5 ± 4.6 | 18.5 ± 3.2 | 0.484 | <0.001 |
 CV Frequency | 7.5 ± 3.0 | 6.7 ± 4.2 | 0.536 | 9.5 ± 5.1 | 6.8 ± 2.3 | 0.113 | 0.335 |
 CV Contact Angle | 10.7 ± 3.0 | 34.4 ± 5.6 | <0.001 | 12.8 ± 3.6 | 9.3 ± 2.4 | 0.013 | <0.001 |
 CV Braking Torque | 48.7 ± 18.9 | 70.5 ± 25.3 | 0.091 | 40.8 ± 9.9 | 43.6 ± 15.6 | 0.228 | 0.200 |
 CV Positive Work | 22.0 ± 4.0 | 38.4 ± 7.2 | <0.001 | 23.2 ± 5.7 | 16.6 ± 4.2 | 0.002 | <0.001 |
 CV Max Torque | 19.2 ± 3.7 | 15.4 ± 2.8 | <0.001 | 18.5 ± 3.6 | 15.7 ± 3.4 | 0.053 | 0.242 |
Relative Power Output (W/kg) | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | 0.005 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 0.21 ± 0.02 | <0.001 | <0.001 |