From: Robot-aided assessment of lower extremity functions: a review
Measure | Instrument/test | Properties | Study | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Validity | Inter-rater reliability | Intra-rater reliability | Responsiveness | |||
pROM | Universal goniometer | Knee angle : ICC ≥ 0.98 [219] | Hip flex: 0.56 ≤ ICC ≥ 0.91, SEM = 6.16° [32, 220, 221] Hip ext: 0.20 ≤ ICC ≥ 0.68, SEM = 4.45° [32, 220, 221] Hip abduction: 0.45 ≤ ICC ≥ 0.63, SEM = 6.08°[220, 221] Hip adduction: 0.14 ≤ ICC ≥ 0.65, SEM = 4.4° [220, 221] Knee flex: 0.84 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.93, SEM = 8.21° [32, 220] Knee ext: 0.59 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.86, SEM = 3.48° [32, 220] Ankle DF: 0.26 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.87 [32] Ankle PF: ICC = 0.74 [32] | Knee flex: 0.97 ≤ ICC ≥ 0.99 Knee ext: 0.91 ≤ ICC ≥ 0.98 Hip sagittal angle: 0.51 ≤ ICC ≥ 0.54, SEM = 4° [224] Ankle DF: 0.72 ≤ ICC ≥ 0.89 [34] | - | |
aROM | Universal goniometer | Knee flex: r ≥ 0.975 Knee ext: r ≥ 0.390 | Knee flex: ICC ≥ 0.977 Knee ext: ICC ≥ 0.893 | Knee flex: ICC = 0.997 Knee ext: ICC ≥ 0.972 | - | [29] |
End-feel | Manual examination | - | Hip flex: 0.21 ≤ k ≤ 0.41 Hip ext: k = − 0.13 Knee flex: − 0.01 ≤ k ≤ 0.31 Knee ext: 0.25 ≤ k ≤ 0.43 | Knee flex: k = 0.76 Knee ext: k = 1.00 | - | |
Muscle strength | MMT | Knee flex (vs isokinetic dynamometer): ρ = 0.74 Knee ext: r = 0.70 [11] | Lower extremities: 0.66 ≤ ICC ≤ 1 [226] MRC score: 0.62 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.88 [227] | Lower extremities: 0.77 ≤ ρ ≤ 0.99 [228] | External resp.: Sensitivity: 60.9 % to 70.3 % [77] | |
HHD | Knee ext: 0.43 ≤ r ≤ 0.99 Knee flex: 0.83 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.85 Ankle PF: r = 0.93 Ankle DF: r = 0.60 [79] | Knee flex: ICC = 0.95 Knee ext: ICC = 0.88 Ankle DF: ICC = 0.69 [78] | Hip: ICC = 0.82 (belt), ICC = 0.80 (therapist) [229] Knee flex: ICC = 0.97 Knee ext: ICC = 0.93 Ankle DF: ICC = 0.91 [78] | 95 % CI = 32.5 N (72 %) 95 % CI = 57.1 N (79 %) [229] | ||
Proprioception | Romberg test | - | - | - | - | |
Toe-test | - | - | - | - | ||
Joint impedance | MAS | vs ankle measurement device: r = 0.09 vs H-reflex: r = 0.47 vs Pendulum test: r = − 0.69 | 0.16 ≤ k ≤ 0.61 Ankle PF: r = 0.727 | 0.4 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.75 | - | [230] |
Pendulum test | vs MAS: − 0.63 ≤ ρ ≤ −0.89 | - | 0.651 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.844 | - | [153] | |
Walking function/Gait pattern | WISCI II | Construct validity: vs TUG: r = −0.76 vs 10MWT: r = −0.68 vs 6MWT: r = 0.60 | 0.98 ≤ ICC ≤ 1 | ICC = 1 | MDC: 1 level Effect size 2.05, moderate change – discrimination between 1 and 3 months post injury Effect size 0.73, small change – discrimination between 3 and 6 months post injury | [230] |
10MWT | vs TUG: ρ = 0.89 vs 6MWT: ρ = − 0.95 vs WISCI II: ρ = 0.795 | r = 0.97 LOA = ± 7.0 s | r = 0.98 LOA = ± 6.0 s | Effect size: 0.92 - discrimination between 1 and 3 months post injury Effect size: 0.47 - discrimination between 3 and 6 months post injury |