Table 2 Comparison of main selectivity study platforms found in literature
From: Advances in selective activation of muscles for non-invasive motor neuroprostheses
Platform | Lawrence et al., 2006 [54] | O'Dwyer et al., 2006 [56] | Popovic et al, 2009 [57] | Malesevic et. al, 2010 [58] | Malesevic et al, 2012 [59] | Schill et al, 2009 [60] | Chen et al, 2007 [45] | Koutsou et al, 2013 [61] | Exell et al, 2013 [62] |
Array Electrode | Smart Electrode 64-pads | 2 x 2 round | Actitrode, 24-pads, round | INTFES, 16-pads, oval | INTFES, 16-pads, oval | 2x3 round | own electrode array | Smartex electrode array | FEA, 4x6 round |
Electrical stimulator | Compex Motion2. 4-channel biphasic asymmetric | Neurotech NT2000, 6-channel biphasic asymmetric | UNAFET, 4-channel biphasic asymmetric | INTEFES, 1-channel with a demultiplexer for 32-pad electrodes monophasic rectangular | INTEFES, 1-channel with a demultiplexer for 32-pad electrodes monophasic rectangular | MotionStim 8, 8-channel biphasic | NM III | INTEFES, 1-channel with a demultiplexer for 32-pad electrodes monophasic rectangular | Modified Odstock stimulator |
Upper Limb functions | fingers' flexion | Wrist flexion-extension,abduction-aduction, Fingers's flexion | Forearm pronation-supination, wrist flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, fingers's flexion-extension | wrist flexion-extension, fingers' flexion-extension | wrist flexion-extension, fingers' flexion | wrist flexion-extension, abduction-adduction | Wrist joint, fingers' felxion-extension | Forearm pronation-supination, wrist flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, fingers's flexion-extension | Wrist joint, fingers' felxion-extension |
Sensors | miniature load cells | bend sensors, accelelometers | goniometers | goniometers, accelelometers | bend sensors | bend sensors | CyberGlove | bend sensors, accelelometers | Data glove, twin-axis electrogoniometer |
Stimulation Strategy | Sequentially activation of pads region during 5 s | Sequentially activation of a different combination of pair electrodes during 3 s | Sequentially activation of pads during 4 s | Single current pulses via each pad, with frequency of 2 Hz. | Sequentially activation of pads during 2 s | Single current pulses via each pad | Sequentially activation of pads | Sequentially activation of pads during 2 s | Sequentially activation of pads region(blocks) |
Pad Selection | Automatic, regions with higher forces | Automatic, comparison with target movement | Automatic, cost function | Automatic, ANN | Automatic, cost function | semi-automatic, cost function | non-automatic, pas with higher amount of movement | Automatic, cost function | Automatic, ILC |
Portability | NOT Portable | Portable | portable | portable | portable | portable | portable | portable | portable |