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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants

From: Effects of combining robot-assisted therapy with neuromuscular electrical stimulation on motor impairment, motor and daily function, and quality of life in patients with chronic stroke: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial

 

RT + ES (n = 20)

RT + Sham (n = 19)

P Values

Sex (male/female)

15/5

14/5

.925

Age (years)

54.07 (11.85)

53.75 (9.11)

.924

Months since stroke

25.40 (17.09)

27.95 (16.20)

.636

Side of brain lesion (left/right)

9/11

10/9

.634

Type of stroke (hemorrhage/ischemic)

10/10

8/11

.621

Handedness (left/right)

0/20

0/19

–

UE-FMA

30.70 (9.76)

26.63 (10.58)

.219

MMSE

27.10 (1.83)

27.47 (1.78)

.522

Time of PT (hours/week)

3.56 (3.45)

2.45 (3.26)

.310

  1. Data are presented as mean (standard deviation)
  2. RT robot-assistive therapy, ES electrical stimulation, UE-FMA Fugl-Meyer Assessment upper extremity subscore, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination