Fig. 4

Regional spinal top view parameters as defined by Kohashi²³ and Negrini.²⁶ They identified the “Ratio of the frontal and the sagittal size” of the Top Vies, the “Phase” (obtained dividing the Top View area for the diagonal of the minimum rectangle in which the Top View is inscribable), the “Direction” (angle between the AP pathological and the AP normal spinal axes), the “Direction of the thoracic and lumbar vectors” (vectors alpha and beta, describing the maximum curvature in the thoracic and lumbar segments), the “Shift” (the displacement of the barycentre of the Top View with respect to the spinal normal vertical axis)