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Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the review

From: Gait speed using powered robotic exoskeletons after spinal cord injury: a systematic review and correlational study

Authors

Exoskeleton

Use of the exoskeleton

Participants

Walking outcome measures

Training period

Aach et al. (2014) [13]

HAL

Training tool

8 (AIS A to D, T8 to L2)

6MWT, 10MWT, TUG

5d/wk for 90 days, 90 min per session

Arazpour et al. (2013) [14]

Custom powered IRGO

Assistive device

5 (AIS A/B, T6 to T12)

Gait speed, distance

3d/wk for 8 weeks, 2 h per session

Benson et al. (2015) [15]

ReWalk

Assistive device/Training Tool

5 (AIS A/C), C7 to L1

6MWT, 10MWT, TUG

2d/wk for 10 weeks, 2 h per session

Esquenazi et al. (2012) [16]

ReWalk

Assistive device

12 (AIS A/B, T3 to T12)

6MWT, 10MWT

3d/wk for 8 weeks, 75–90 min per session

Evans et al. (2015) [17]

Indego

Assistive device

5 (AIS A, T6 to T12)

6MWT (self-selected pace, fast pace)

At least 5 sessions

Farris et al. (2014) [18]

Indego

Assistive device

1 (AIS A, T10)

6MWT, 10MWT, TUG

20 sessions in one year

Fineberg et al. (2013) [19]

ReWalk

Assistive device

6 (AIS A/B, T1 to T11)

Gait speed

3d/wk for up to 6 months, 1–2 h per session

Hartigan et al. (2015) [20]

Indego

Assistive device

16 (AIS A to C, C5 to L1)

6MWT, 10MWT

5 sessions, 90 min per session

Kolakowsky-Hayner et al. (2013) [21]

Ekso

Assistive device

7 (AIS A, T4 to T12)

Walking distance, time

6d/wk for 1 week, up to 60 min per session

Kozlowski et al. (2015) [22]

Ekso

Assistive Device

7 (AIS A to C, C4 to L1)

2MWT, longest walk

Up to 24 sessions, up to 2 h per session

Kressler et al. (2013) [23]

Ekso

Assistive device

3 (AIS A, T1/2 to T9/10)

Gait speed, distance

3d/wk for 6 weeks, 60 min per session

Neuhaus et al. (2011) [24]

Mina

Assistive device

2 (AIS A, T10 and T12)

Gait speed

9 sessions

Tanabe et al. (2013) [25]

WPAL

Assistive device

7 (AIS A/B, T6 to T12)

Walking distance, time

2–11 sessions, 60 min per session

Yang et al. (2015) [26]

ReWalk

Assistive Device

12 (AIS A to C, C8 to T11)

6MWT, 10MWT

Up to 102 sessions, 1–2 h per session

Zeilig et al. (2012) [27]

ReWalk

Assistive device

6 (AIS A/B, T5 to T12)

6MWT, 10MWT, TUG

Until able to walk 100 m unassisted

  1. HAL   Hybrid Assistive Limb; 6MWT  Six Minute Walk Test; 10MWT  Ten Meter Walk Test; TUG  Timed Up and Go Test; IRGO  Isocentric Reciprocal Gait Orthosis; 2MWT  Two Meter Walk Test; WPAL  Wearable Power-Assist Locomotor