Fig. 1

Virtual Reality Environment. A screenshot of the VRE. The traffic cones next to the characters represent designated stops. A full point was given for dwelling at each designated stop for at least 2 s, for a total stop score of 10 points. A fraction of a point was given for dwelling between 0.5 and 2 s (proportionate to the dwelling time) and no point was given for dwelling less than 0.5 s. There was no penalty for dwelling for more than 2 s, but this increased the course completion time. As a benchmark, the course could be completed in ∼205 s with a manually controlled joystick [15, 16]