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Table 3 Stance RMS EMG for without, passive and therapist-controlled orthoses by speed. Mean ± standard error and statistical results for the normalized average root mean square muscle activation calculated from the stance phase electromyography records for: tibialis anterior (TA), soleus (SOL), medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF) and medial hamstrings (MH). Subjects with partial paralysis walked without-orthoses (WO), wearing orthoses unpowered or passive (PA) and wearing orthoses powered under pushbutton control by a therapist (TC) at 0.36 m/s (five subjects), 0.54 m/s (five subjects), 0.72 m/s (four subjects) and 0.89 m/s (four subjects). TA is for four subjects at all speeds. Stance phase root mean square EMG was normalized to the without condition at 0.54 m/s for each muscle.

From: The effects of powered ankle-foot orthoses on joint kinematics and muscle activation during walking in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury

 

ANOVA p-value

THSD

0.36 m/s

0.54 m/s

0.72 m/s

0.89 m/s

   

WO

PA

TC

WO

PA

TC

WO

PA

TC

WO

PA

TC

TA

0.0845

P = 0.49

 

0.87 ± 0.16

0.72 ± 0.16

0.75 ± 0.10

0.89 ± 0.02

0.75 ± 0.12

0.81 ± 0.14

1.10 ± 0.12

0.99 ± 0.12

0.80 ± 0.16

1.04 ± 0.10

1.07 ± 0.04

0.79 ± 0.15

SOL

0.0197 *

P = 0.72

TC < PA

0.81 ± 0.08

0.94 ± 0.06

0.80 ± 0.05

0.95 ± 0.02

1.07 ± 0.06

0.87 ± 0.07

1.06 ± 0.08

1.07 ± 0.06

0.99 ± 0.07

1.14 ± 0.10

1.27 ± 0.15

1.12 ± 0.06

MG

0.0229 *

P = 0.70

PA > WO

0.70 ± 0.11

0.87 ± 0.11

0.79 ± 0.13

0.92 ± 0.02

1.12 ± 0.08

1.00 ± 0.07

1.03 ± 0.10

1.14 ± 0.10

1.08 ± 0.10

1.12 ± 0.13

1.34 ± 0.19

1.27 ± 0.13

LG

0.0436 *

P = 0.61

PA > WO

0.79 ± 0.09

0.91 ± 0.08

0.83 ± 0.10

0.93 ± 0.01

1.08 ± 0.08

0.98 ± 0.07

1.03 ± 0.10

1.15 ± 0.02

1.12 ± 0.06

1.18 ± 0.07

1.35 ± 0.09

1.35 ± 0.14

VM

0.0145 *

P = 0.76

PA > WO

0.81 ± 0.05

0.94 ± 0.05

0.83 ± 0.04

0.97 ± 0.00

1.09 ± 0.07

1.08 ± 0.08

1.12 ± 0.05

1.16 ± 0.06

1.06 ± 0.07

1.16 ± 0.02

1.26 ± 0.05

1.14 ± 0.08

VL

0.0424 *

P = 0.61

PA > WO

0.86 ± 0.03

0.95 ± 0.03

0.90 ± 0.06

0.96 ± 0.01

1.16 ± 0.09

1.05 ± 0.11

1.10 ± 0.04

1.18 ± 0.10

1.07 ± 0.14

1.12 ± 0.02

1.21 ± 0.08

1.16 ± 0.19

RF

0.0123 *

P = 0.77

TC < PA

PA > WO

0.85 ± 0.04

0.94 ± 0.03

0.93 ± 0.08

0.95 ± 0.01

1.13 ± 0.06

1.06 ± 0.09

1.17 ± 0.09

1.15 ± 0.06

1.01 ± 0.10

1.17 ± 0.03

1.30 ± 0.08

1.09 ± 0.13

MH

0.1954

P = 0.34

 

0.92 ± 0.03

0.86 ± 0.06

0.89 ± 0.07

0.92 ± 0.02

0.98 ± 0.04

1.02 ± 0.08

1.02 ± 0.07

1.03 ± 0.10

1.22 ± 0.18

1.03 ± 0.08

1.13 ± 0.13

1.19 ± 0.22

  1. Values are means ± SE. Data are unitless because of normalization. See METHODS for calculations.
  2. * Indicates a p-value of less than 0.05 showing significant differences between conditions. Statistical power, P, is reported under the p-value. Tukey Honestly Significant Difference, THSD, results are reported for metrics with significance.
  3. Five subjects completed all conditions at 0.36 m/s and 0.54 m/s. Four subjects completed all conditions at 0.72 m/s and 0.89 m/s.
  4. TA is for four subjects for all conditions at all speeds.