From: Three-dimensional kinematic motion analysis of a daily activity drinking from a glass: a pilot study
Kinematic variables | Mean | SD | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Movement times (s) | |||
Reaching | 1.21 | 0.22 | 1.11–1.31 |
Forward transport | 1.15 | 0.19 | 1.06–1.24 |
Drinking | 1.71 | 0.44 | 1.51–1.92 |
Back transport | 1.77 | 0.37 | 1.60–1.94 |
Returning | 1.00 | 0.14 | 0.94–1.07 |
Total movement time | 6.84 | 1.00 | 6.38–7.32 |
Peak velocity (PV) (mm/s) | |||
PV for reaching | 551 | 78.3 | 514–587 |
PV for forward transport | 273 | 50.4 | 249–296 |
PV for back transport | 228 | 66.8 | 196–259 |
PV for returning | 560 | 79.1 | 523–597 |
Time to PV in reaching (s) | 0.41 | 0.10 | 0.37–0.46 |
Time to PV in reaching (%) | 34.3 | 5.7 | 31.7–37.0 |
Joint angles (°) | |||
Shoulder (sagittal plane) | |||
Initial position | 5.5 | 2.7 | 4.2–6.8 |
Grasping (maximal flexion) | 48.9 | 5.1 | 46.5–51.2 |
Drinking (maximal flexion) | 53.5 | 7.0 | 50.2–56.8 |
Range | 48.3 | 7.5 | 44.8–51.8 |
Shoulder (frontal plane) | |||
Initial position | 15.0 | 4.0 | 13.1–16.9 |
Reaching (abduction) | 27.8 | 6.0 | 25.0–30.7 |
Grasping (maximal adduction) | 10.6 | 4.6 | 8.5–12.8 |
Drinking (maximal abduction) | 39.3 | 13.0 | 33.2–45.4 |
Range | 28.7 | 10.5 | 23.8–33.6 |
Elbow | |||
Initial position | 105.0 | 6.8 | 101.8–108.2 |
Grasping (maximal extension) | 42.5 | 7.3 | 39.1–45.9 |
Drinking (maximal flexion) | 136.4 | 3.8 | 134.6–138.1 |
Range | 93.9 | 8.1 | 90.1–97.7 |