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Table 2 Kinematic variables for the control subjects (n = 20).

From: Three-dimensional kinematic motion analysis of a daily activity drinking from a glass: a pilot study

Kinematic variables

Mean

SD

95% CI

Movement times (s)

   

Reaching

1.21

0.22

1.11–1.31

Forward transport

1.15

0.19

1.06–1.24

Drinking

1.71

0.44

1.51–1.92

Back transport

1.77

0.37

1.60–1.94

Returning

1.00

0.14

0.94–1.07

Total movement time

6.84

1.00

6.38–7.32

Peak velocity (PV) (mm/s)

   

PV for reaching

551

78.3

514–587

PV for forward transport

273

50.4

249–296

PV for back transport

228

66.8

196–259

PV for returning

560

79.1

523–597

Time to PV in reaching (s)

0.41

0.10

0.37–0.46

Time to PV in reaching (%)

34.3

5.7

31.7–37.0

Joint angles (°)

   

Shoulder (sagittal plane)

   

Initial position

5.5

2.7

4.2–6.8

Grasping (maximal flexion)

48.9

5.1

46.5–51.2

Drinking (maximal flexion)

53.5

7.0

50.2–56.8

Range

48.3

7.5

44.8–51.8

Shoulder (frontal plane)

   

Initial position

15.0

4.0

13.1–16.9

Reaching (abduction)

27.8

6.0

25.0–30.7

Grasping (maximal adduction)

10.6

4.6

8.5–12.8

Drinking (maximal abduction)

39.3

13.0

33.2–45.4

Range

28.7

10.5

23.8–33.6

Elbow

   

Initial position

105.0

6.8

101.8–108.2

Grasping (maximal extension)

42.5

7.3

39.1–45.9

Drinking (maximal flexion)

136.4

3.8

134.6–138.1

Range

93.9

8.1

90.1–97.7

  1. Abbreviations: SD – standard deviation, CI – confidence interval