Robot-assisted reaching exercise promotes arm movement recovery in chronic hemiparetic stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study

Table 2 Univariate ANOVA statistics for planned comparison of pre- to post-training

	Outcome Measure	Training Group	Mean value before training (SD)	Mean change in value after training (SD)	p value session
Biomechanical Evaluation		Active-assist	0.689 (0.21)	0.139 (0.11)
	FR_S	< 0.001*	0.844	0.286
		Free reaching	0.547 (0.14)	0.123 (0.09)
		Active-assist	0.538 (0.14)	0.218 (0.09)
	FS_S	< 0.001*	0.898	0.999
		Free reaching	0.430 (0.12)	0.211 (0.13)
		Active-assist	1.114 (0.32)	0.005 (0.25)
	Stiffness[N/cm]	0.830	0.419	0.006*
		Free reaching	1.400 (0.32)	-0.046 (0.13)
Free Reaching Evaluation		Active-assist	0.768 (0.30)	0.011 (0.09)
	FR_U		0.443	0.687	0.710
		Free reaching	0.768 (0.19)	0.024 (0.07)
		Active-assist	1.618 (0.33)	-0.108 (0.18)
	Straightness ratio	0.033*	0.862	0.204
		Free reaching	1.591 (0.30)	-0.085 (0.25)
		Active-assist	2.189 (0.91)	0.385 (0.62)
	Smoothness [# speed peaks per sec]	0.128	0.002*	0.086
		Free reaching	2.671 (1.16)	-0.725 (0.72)
Functional Evaluation		Active-assist	3.5 (0.9)	0.2 (0.4)
	CM Score	0.014*	0.414	0.246
		Free reaching	3.2 (1.0)	0.3 (0.5)
		Active-assist	16.49 (14.5)	-6.28 (11.48)
	0.048*	0.470	0.438
		Free reaching	10.44 (6.0)	-2.69 (2.02)

^† Session represents evaluation time, with the three pre-training and the three post-training evaluations contrasted in the planned comparison. Training group, session, and impairment level were used in all ANOVAs. Headings with "×" between the factors represent interaction effects.
* p < 0.05

ISSN: 1743-0003