From: Upper limb kinematics after cervical spinal cord injury: a review
Parameters | Main results | SCI motor level | References | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C5 | C6 | C7 | ||||
Movement time (MT) | T | Increased | X | X | X | |
Velocity Peak (PV) | T | Decreased | X | X | X | |
Variability increased | X | [35] | ||||
Acc & dec peaks | T | Reduced magnitude | X | [25] | ||
Number of acc peaks | T | Multiple | X | [25] | ||
Time to Velocity Peak (TPV) | T | Similar to control | X | X | X | |
Velocity profile1 | T | Bell-shaped | X | X | ||
Velocity coordination | T | Shoulder velocity equal to half of elbow velocity | X | [36] | ||
Trajectory2 | S | Straight and smooth | X | X | ||
Variability increased | X | [34] | ||||
Hand height | S | Not increased | X | X | ||
Joint motion | S | Similar pattern of joint rotation | X | X | ||
Increased of scapula movement | X | [35] | ||||
Decreased of sup and med max reaching | X | X | X | [26] | ||
Decreased of acromion displacement | X | X | ||||
Endpoint accuracy | S | Preserved | X | X | ||
Joint coordination3 | S | Linear temporal relationship | X | X | ||
EMG activity | N | Activation of agonist without antagonist muscles | X | [25] | ||
Selective activation of shoulder muscles | X | [25] | ||||
Prolonged muscle activation | X | [25] |