Unilateral versus bilateral robot-assisted rehabilitation on arm-trunk control and functions post stroke: a randomized controlled trial

Table 2 Descriptive and inferential statistics for kinematic variables

Variable	Pretreatment, mean (SD)			Posttreatment, mean (SD)			ANCOVA
	URT (n = 18)	BRT (n = 18)	CT (n = 17)	URT (n = 18)	BRT (n = 18)	CT (n = 17)	F	P	η²
Unilateral task
NMT (sec/mm)	0.004 (0.002)	0.005 (0.003)	0.004 (0.002)	0.004 (0.003)	0.004 (0.002)	0.003 (0.001)	0.57	.57	0.023
NMUs (unit/mm)	0.03 (0.01)	0.03 (0.03)	0.02 (0.01)	0.02 (0.02)	0.02 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)	0.96	.39	0.038
Trunk contribution
Slope: start	1.80 (1.05)	2.29 (1.54)	2.65 (1.55)	1.29 (1.09)	2.24 (1.39)	2.50 (1.45)	2.47	.10	0.092
Slope: mid	0.71 (0.41)	0.75 (0.56)	0.81 (0.43)	0.89 (0.51)	0.80 (0.52)	0.93 (0.54)	0.42	.66	0.017
Bilateral task
NMT (sec/mm)	0.008 (0.01)	0.006 (0.004)	0.005 (0.003)	0.005 (0.003)	0.005 (0.002)	0.004 (0.003)	0.33	.72	0.013
NMUs (unit/mm)	0.04 (0.06)	0.04 (0.04)	0.02 (0.02)	0.02 (0.02)	0.03 (0.01)	0.02 (0.02)	0.27	.77	0.011
Trunk contribution
Slope: start	0.75 (0.53)	1.11 (0.61)	1.06 (0.66)	0.51 (0.90)	1.66 (1.46)	1.60 (1.11)	3.32	.045^a,b	0.120
Slope: mid	0.52 (0.71)	0.30 (0.45)	0.66 (0.65)	0.90 (0.67)	0.44 (0.59)	0.34 (0.61)	5.78	.01^a,c	0.190

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation; ANCOVA, analysis of covariance; URT, unilateral robot-assisted training; BRT, bilateral robot-assisted training; CT, control treatment; NMT, normalized movement time; NMUs, normalized movement units.
^aStatistically significant (P < .05).
Post hoc analyses: ^bBRT vs. URT, P = .027; CT vs. URT, P = .032. ^cURT vs. CT, P = .001.

ISSN: 1743-0003