Table 1 Demographic characteristics and assessments’ scores (mean ± SD) at baseline (Assess 1), at the end of the 8-week robotic training (Assess 3) and at 3-month follow-up (Assess 4)
Demographic characteristics | All (n = 20) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 60 ± 7 | ||||
Time since stroke (months) | 38 ± 38 | ||||
Gender (Male [M]/ Female [F]) | 12 M/8 F | ||||
Side of hemiparesis (Right/Left) | 14/6 | ||||
NIH Stroke Scale Score (normal = 0) | 3 ± 2 | ||||
Line Cancellation Test (normal = 0) | 0 ± 0 | ||||
Nottingham Sensory Assessment (max = 34) | 33 ± 3 | ||||
10-meter Walk Test (m/s) | 1.3 ± 0.5 | ||||
Assessments | Assess 1 | Assess 3 | Assess 4 | p* | p** |
Box and Block Test (# blocks in 60 s) | 31 ± 13 | 37 ±13 | 36 ± 12 | p < 0.05 | p = 0.6 |
Fugl-Meyer Arm Motor Scale (normal = 66) | 52 ± 8 | 55 ± 7 | 55 ± 7 | p = 0.01 | p = 0.2 |
Wolf Motor Function Test | |||||
Score (max = 5) | 3.9 ± 0.6 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | p < 0.05 | p = 1.0 |
Time to completion (max = 1800 s) | 7.9 ± 11.6 | 4.5 ± 5.8 | 4.5 ± 6.7 | p = 0.001 | p = 0.5 |
Weight (max = 20 lbs) | 13 ± 6 | 15 ± 5 | 15 ± 5 | p = 0.001 | p = 0.5 |
Motor Activity Log | |||||
Amount of use (max = 5) | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 3.5 ± 1.2 | p = 0.001 | p = 0.1 |
Quality of movement (max = 5) | 2.4 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | p < 0.05 | p = 1.0 |
Grip strength (kg) | 18.8 ± 14.0 | 20.6 ± 14.0 | 22.0 ± 14.9 | p = 0.008 | p = 0.1 |
Pinch strength (kg) | 4.3 ± 2.5 | 4.5 ± 2.4 | 4.3 ± 2.3 | p = 0.008 | p = 1.0 |
Modified Ashworth Scale | |||||
Shoulder (normal = 0) | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.2 ± 0.7 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | p = 0.05 | p = 0.3 |
Elbow (normal = 0) | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 0.7 ± 0.9 | 0.4 ± 0.8 | p = 0.4 | p = 0.03 |
Time of execution of a robotic reaching task (s) | 75.0 ± 40.9 | 53.2 ± 29.5 | n/a | p < 0.05 | n/a |
Maximal voluntary concentric strength (Nm) | |||||
Shoulder abductors | 29 ± 14 | 30 ± 12 | n/a | p = 0.8 | n/a |
Shoulder adductors | 23 ± 11 | 32 ± 10 | p < 0.05 | ||
Shoulder internal rotators | 12 ± 8 | 16 ± 8 | p = 0.02 | ||
Shoulder external rotators | 5 ± 4 | 10 ± 7 | p < 0.05 | ||
Shoulder flexors | 25 ± 10 | 27 ± 13 | p = 0.3 | ||
Shoulder extensors | 38 ± 11 | 43 ± 9 | p = 0.06 | ||
Elbow flexors | 23 ± 8 | 29 ± 10 | p = 0.001 | ||
Elbow extensors | 19 ± 11 | 23 ± 12 | p = 0.06 | ||
Forearm supinators | 3 ± 2 | 4 ± 3 | p = 0.03 | ||
Forearm pronators | 8 ± 5 | 9 ± 5 | p = 0.2 | ||
Wrist flexors | 6 ± 4 | 6 ± 4 | p = 0.3 | ||
Wrist extensors | 6 ± 4 | 7 ± 4 | p = 0.03 | ||