Table 2 Group mean (± SD) positive, negative and total stance-phase work done at the hip, knee and ankle (intact limb only) joints when using rigid ( rig F) and hydraulic ( hy A-F) ankle-foot devices
Speed normalised | Absolute | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hyA-F | rigF | p value | hyA-F | rigF | p value | |
J/(kg.m/s) | J.kg-1 | |||||
Intact hip total work | 0.21 (0.12) | 0.25 (0.09) | 0.19 (foot) | 0.24 (0.11) | 0.24 (0.07) | 0.36 (foot) |
0.24 (0.11) | 0.26 (0.11) | 0.014 (speed) | 0.25 (0.11) | 0.27 (0.12) | 0.027 (speed) | |
0.29 (0.15) | 0.36 (0.18) | 0.57 (interact) | 0.36 (0.13) | 0.45 (0.36) | 0.44 (interact) | |
Intact hip positive work | +0.18 (0.11) | +0.18 (0.08) | 0.74 (foot) | +0.17 (0.08) | +0.16 (0.07) | 0.73 (foot) |
+0.16 (0.10) | +0.16 (0.09) | 0.42 (speed) | +0.18 (0.09) | +0.17 (0.08) | 0.09 (speed) | |
+0.17 (0.11) | +0.20 (0.15) | 0.41 (interact) | +0.22 (0.11) | +0.27 (0.24) | 0.41 (interact) | |
Intact hip negative work | -0.08 (0.04) | -0.08 (0.04) | 0.21 (foot) | -0.07 (0.04) | -0.08 (0.05) | 0.20 (foot) |
-0.06 (0.03) | -0.10 (0.07) | 0.12 (speed) | -0.07 (0.05) | -0.10 (0.08) | 0.01 (speed) | |
-0.10 (0.05) | -0.13 (0.08) | 0.41 (interact) | -0.14 (0.06) | -0.18 (0.14) | 0.48 (interact) | |
Intact knee total work | 0.21 (0.06) | 0.22 (0.11) | 0.18 (foot) | 0.21 (0.08) | 0.17 (0.09) | 0.46 (foot) |
0.18 (0.08) | 0.27 (0.12) | 0.03 (speed) | 0.21 (0.11) | 0.20 (0.12) | < 0.001 (speed) | |
0.26 (0.10) | 0.28 (0.10) | 0.09 (interact) | 0.36 (0.16) | 0.38 (0.11) | 0.09 (interact) | |
Intact knee positive work | +0.06 (0.03) | +0.06 (0.03) | 0.19 (foot) | +0.06 (0.03) | +0.06 (0.03) | 0.30 (foot) |
+0.06 (0.03) | +0.09 (0.05) | 0.030 (speed) | +0.06 (0.04) | +0.09 (0.05) | 0.001 (speed) | |
+0.08 (0.04) | +0.09 (0.04) | 0.06 (interact) | +0.12 (0.06) | +0.12 (0.06) | 0.07 (interact) | |
Intact knee negative work | -0.15 (0.04) | -0.16 (0.09) | 0.21 (foot) | -0.14 (0.06) | -0.15 (0.09) | 0.27 (foot) |
-0.12 (0.06) | -0.18 (0.08) | 0.07 (speed) | -0.15 (0.08) | -0.20 (0.08) | < 0.001 (speed) | |
-0.18 (0.06) | -0.19 (0.06) | 0.21 (interact) | -0.25 (0.10) | -0.27 (0.11) | 0.25 (interact) | |
Intact ankle total work | 0.34 (0.18) | 0.37 (0.20) | 0.032 (foot) | 0.32 (0.12) | 0.33 (0.17) | 0.25 (foot) |
0.35 (0.18) | 0.39 (0.21) | 0.011 (speed) | 0.40 (0.19) | 0.40 (0.19) | 0.08 (speed) | |
0.24 (0.11) | 0.26 (0.13) | 0.42 (interact) | 0.33 (0.17) | 0.36 (0.22) | 0.64 (interact) | |
Intact ankle positive work | +0.17 (0.12) | +0.19 (0.14) | 0.17 (foot) | +0.17 (0.12) | +0.17 (0.12) | 0.54 (foot) |
+0.20 (0.11) | +0.22 (0.13) | 0.036 (speed) | +0.23 (0.12) | +0.23 (0.13) | 0.10 (speed) | |
+0.13 (0.08) | +0.14 (0.11) | 0.89 (interact) | +0.19 (0.13) | +0.21 (0.19) | 0.67 (interact) | |
Intact ankle negative work | -0.17 (0.07) | -0.18 (0.08) | 0.003 (foot) | -0.15 (0.06) | -0.16 (0.06) | 0.15 (foot) |
-0.15 (0.09) | -0.17 (0.09) | 0.024 (speed) | -0.17 (0.09) | -0.17 (0.08) | 0.63 (speed) | |
-0.11 (0.05) | -0.12 (0.05) | 0.24 (interact) | -0.15 (0.06) | -0.13 (0.07) | 0.98 (interact) | |
Residual hip total work | 0.22 (0.19) | 0.21 (0.17) | 0.44 (foot) | 0.20 (0.14) | 0.19 (0.14) | 0.004 (foot) |
0.22 (0.19) | 0.22 (0.18) | 0.68 (speed) | 0.24 (0.17) | 0.22 (0.16) | 0.003 (speed) | |
0.24 (0.17) | 0.23 (0.16) | 0.82 (interact) | 0.31 (0.16) | 0.27 (0.16) | 0.28 (interact) | |
Residual hip positive work | +0.15 (0.17) | +0.15 (0.14) | 0.75 (foot) | +0.14 (0.12) | +0.13 (0.12) | 0.57 (foot) |
+0.15 (0.16) | +0.15 (0.14) | 0.92 (speed) | +0.17 (0.14) | +0.15 (0.12) | 0.009 (speed) | |
+0.15 (0.14) | +0.16 (0.13) | 0.51 (interact) | +0.19 (0.14) | +0.19 (0.12) | 0.046 (interact) | |
Residual hip negative work | -0.07 (0.04) | -0.06 (0.04) | 0.26 (foot) | -0.06 (0.04) | -0.06 (0.04) | 0.14 (foot) |
-0.07 (0.05) | -0.07 (0.06) | 0.26 (speed) | -0.08 (0.06) | -0.07 (0.07) | 0.002 (speed) | |
-0.08 (0.05) | -0.07 (0.05) | 0.43 (interact) | -0.11 (0.07) | -0.09 (0.07) | 0.45(interact) | |
Residual knee total work | 0.08 (0.09) | 0.08 (0.09) | 0.052 (foot) | 0.13 (0.14) | 0.09 (0.09) | 0.044 (foot) |
0.10 (0.09) | 0.07 (0.08) | 0.62 (speed) | 0.13 (0.15) | 0.09 (0.10) | < 0.001 (speed) | |
0.08 (0.09) | 0.06 (0.06) | 0.32 (interact) | 0.21 (0.24) | 0.13 (0.14) | 0.32 (interact) | |
Residual knee positive work | +0.01 (0.01) | +0.006 (0.01) | 0.91 (foot) | +0.005 (0.01) | +0.005 (0.01) | 0.99 (foot) |
+0.007 (0.01) | +0.003 (0.00) | 0.90 (speed) | +0.006 (0.01) | +0.003 (0.00) | 0.47 (speed) | |
+0.005 (0.01) | +0.007 (0.01) | 0.35 (interact) | +0.007 (0.01) | +0.010 (0.01) | 0.36(interact) | |
Residual knee negative work | -0.08 (0.09) | -0.07 (0.09) | 0.036 (foot) | -0.07 (0.09) | -0.07 (0.08) | 0.025 (foot) |
-0.09 (0.09) | -0.06 (0.07) | 0.48 (speed) | -0.10 (0.09) | -0.06 (0.07) | 0.45 (speed) | |
-0.07 (0.09) | -0.05 (0.06) | 0.29 (interact) | -0.10 (0.13) | -0.07 (0.08) | 0.19 (interact) | |
Intact limb (all joints) total work | 0.76 (0.21) | 0.84 (0.28) | 0.047 (foot) | 0.73 (0.24) | 0.77 (0.27) | 0.15 (foot) |
0.77 (0.27) | 0.92 (0.24) | 0.36 (speed) | 0.88 (0.28) | 0.97 (0.33) | < 0.001 (speed) | |
0.80 (0.25) | 0.90 (0.26) | 0.50 (interact) | 1.08 (0.38) | 1.24 (0.67) | 0.51 (interact) | |
Residual limb (all joints) total work | 0.30 (0.20) | 0.29 (0.17) | 0.12 (foot) | 0.27 (0.16) | 0.26 (0.15) | 0.024 (foot) |
0.32 (0.24) | 0.28 (0.18) | 0.96 (speed) | 0.35 (0.22) | 0.29 (0.16) | < 0.001 (speed) | |
0.32 (0.18) | 0.29 (0.17) | 0.48 (interact) | 0.41 (0.19) | 0.36 (0.18) | 0.11 (interact) | |