Table 1 Group mean (± SD) peak extension (positive) and flexion (negative) muscle moments and concentric (positive) and eccentric (negative) muscle powers for hip, knee and ankle (intact limb only) joints when using rigid ( rig F) and hydraulic ( hy A-F) ankle-foot devices
Speed Normalised | Absolute | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hyA-F | rigF | p value | hyA-F | rigF | p value | |
Nm/(kg.m/s) | Nm.kg-1 | |||||
Intact hip moment | + 0.56 (0.17) / - 0.77 (0.16) | + 0.61 (0.13) / - 0.82 (0.21) | 0.18 / 0.038 (foot) | + 0.53 (0.49) / - 0.73 (0.70) | + 0.56 (0.52) / - 0.76 (0.73) | 0.30 / 0.11 (foot) |
+ 0.53 (0.25) / - 0.70 (0.21) | + 0.64 (0.19) / - 0.88 (0.23) | 0.28 /0.30 (speed) | + 0.61 (0.55) / - 0.82 (0.77) | + 0.69 (0.63) / - 0.94 (0.90) | 0.06 / 0.005 (speed) | |
+ 0.64 (0.22) / - 0.77 (0.16) | + 0.83 (0.73) / - 1.00 (0.45) | 0.71 / 0.35 (interact) | + 0.88 (0.76) / - 1.05 (0.99) | + 1.20 (0.73) / - 1.38 (1.10) | 0.59 / 0.33 (interact) | |
Intact knee moment | + 0.55 (0.22) / - 0.23 (0.20) | + 0.60 (0.31) / - 0.21 (0.18) | 0.17 / 0.29 (foot) | + 0.54 (0.24) / - 0.20 (0.15) | + 0.56 (0.31) / - 0.18 (0.15) | 0.27 / 0.13 (foot) |
+ 0.47 (0.23) / - 0.16 (0.17) | + 0.76 (0.14) / - 0.17 (0.17) | 0.21 / < 0.001 (speed) | + 0.56 (0.28) / - 0.17 (0.14) | + 0.79 (0.35) / - 0.18 (0.15) | 0.002 / 0.12 (speed) | |
+ 0.69 (0.25) / - 0.15 (0.17) | + 0.69 (0.26) / - 0.13 (0.19) | 0.09 / 0.28 (interact) | + 0.96 (0.43) / - 0.18 (0.16) | + 0.96 (0.46) / - 0.15 (0.17) | 0.11 / 0.40 (interact) | |
Intact ankle moment | + 1.29 (0.38) / - 0.14 (0.05) | + 1.32 (0.39) / - 0.18 (0.04) | 0.11 / 0.044 (foot) | + 1.20 (0.30) / - 0.13 (0.05) | + 1.19 (0.22) / - 0.16 (0.04) | 0.54 / 0.28 (foot) |
+ 1.13 (0.37) / - 0.19 (0.06) | + 1.27 (0.47) / - 0.18 (0.09) | < 0.001 / 0.28 (speed) | + 1.30 (0.28) / - 0.22 (0.07) | + 1.31 (0.31) / - 0.20 (0.09) | 0.35 / 0.004 (speed) | |
+ 0.95 (0.30) / - 0.15 (0.03) | + 0.92 (0.37) / - 0.16 (0.04) | 0.10 / 0.07 (interact) | + 1.27 (0.35) / - 0.20 (0.04) | + 1.21 (0.37) / - 0.22 (0.41) | 0.52 / 0.06 (interact) | |
Residual hip moment | + 0.37 (0.32) / - 0.62 (0.37) | + 0.41 (0.25) / - 0.64 (0.32) | 0.21 / 0.14 (foot) | + 0.33 (0.25) / - 0.57 (0.32) | + 0.37 (0.20) / - 0.59 (0.29) | 0.26 / 0.43 (foot) |
+ 0.36 (0.32) / - 0.60 (0.36) | + 0.43 (0.27) / - 0.66 (0.34) | 0.76 / 0.65 (speed) | + 0.40 (0.31) / - 0.68 (0.35) | + 0.44 (0.24) / - 0.69 (0.30) | 0.016 / < 0.001 (speed) | |
+ 0.37 (0.28) / - 0.58 (0.35) | + 0.39 (0.27) / - 0.63 (0.32) | 0.48 / 0.27 (interact) | + 0.47 (0.31) / - 0.75 (0.39) | + 0.48 (0.27) / - 0.81 (0.30) | 0.59 / 0.44 (interact) | |
Residual knee moment | + 0.04 (0.02) / - 0.02 (0.01) | + 0.04 (0.02) / - 0.01 (0.01) | 0.47 / 0.09 (foot) | + 0.03 (0.01) / - 0.02 (0.01) | + 0.03 (0.01) / - 0.01 (0.01) | 0.76 / 0.78 (foot) |
+ 0.04 (0.02) / - 0.01 (0.02) | + 0.04 (0.02) / - 0.01 (0.01) | 0.021 / 0.049 (speed) | + 0.04 (0.01) / - 0.01 (0.01) | + 0.05 (0.02) / - 0.01 (0.01) | < 0.001 / 0.84 (speed) | |
+ 0.03 (0.02) / - 0.02 (0.01) | + 0.03 (0.01) / - 0.01 (0.00) | 0.20 / 0.18 (interact) | + 0.06 (0.02) / - 0.02 (0.01) | + 0.05 (0.02) / - 0.02 (0.01) | 0.51 / 0.35 (interact) | |
W/(kg.m/s) | W.kg-1 | |||||
Intact hip power | + 1.51 (0.90) / - 0.43 (0.32) | + 1.68 (0.98) / - 0.40 (0.14) | 0.13 / 0.24 (foot) | + 0.73 (0.22) / - 0.39 (0.23) | + 0.78 (0.18) / - 0.37 (0.14) | 0.25 / 0.24 (foot) |
+ 1.68 (0.67) / - 0.36 (0.17) | + 1.99 (1.01) / - 0.47 (0.25) | 0.53 / 0.11 (speed) | + 0.91 (0.26) / - 0.42 (0.21) | + 1.04 (0.34) / - 0.51 (0.29) | 0.12 / 0.036 (speed) | |
+ 1.28 (0.76) / - 0.50 (0.16) | + 1.26 (0.75) / - 0.77 (0.65) | 0.53 / 0.24 (interact) | + 1.15 (0.51) / - 0.67 (0.24) | + 1.66 (1.83) / - 1.12 (1.20) | 0.46 / 0.27 (interact) | |
Intact knee power | + 0.38 (0.17) / - 0.92 (0.24) | + 0.38 (0.23) / - 0.98 (0.39) | 0.09 / 0.08 (foot) | + 0.36 (0.18) / - 0.91 (0.35) | + 0.35 (0.23) / - 0.93 (0.43) | 0.13 / 0.13 (foot) |
+ 0.37 (0.16) / - 0.84 (0.38) | + 0.60 (0.37) / - 1.31 (0.56) | < 0.001 / 0.25 (speed) | + 0.44 (0.21) / - 1.02 (0.51) | + 0.63 (0.35) / - 1.41 (0.58) | < 0.001 / < 0.001 (speed) | |
+ 0.62 (0.31) / - 1.03 (0.32) | + 0.69 (0.25) / - 1.12 (0.37) | 0.11 / 0.06 (interact) | + 0.87 (0.55) / - 1.46 (0.61) | + 0.96 (0.46) / - 1.55 (0.63) | 0.16 / 0.09 (interact) | |
Intact ankle power | + 1.51 (0.90) / - 0.74 (0.27) | + 1.68 (0.98) / - 0.79 (0.29) | 0.30 / 0.10 (foot) | + 1.47 (0.90) / - 0.70 (0.24) | + 1.55 (0.91) / - 0.72 (0.24) | 0.74 / 0.44 (foot) |
+ 1.68 (0.67) / - 0.77 (0.48) | + 1.99 (1.01) / - 0.87 (0.53) | 0.048 / 0.21 (speed) | + 1.93 (0.80) / - 0.92 (0.68) | + 2.09 (0.91) / - 0.95 (0.70) | 0.14 / 0.49 (speed) | |
+ 1.28 (0.75) / - 0.54 (0.27) | + 1.26 (0.75) / - 0.56 (0.29) | 0.47 / 0.41 (interact) | + 1.85 (1.27) / - 0.72 (0.35) | + 1.80 (1.29) / - 0.74 (0.38) | 0.82 / 0.95 (interact) | |
Residual hip power | + 0.67 (0.38) / - 0.49 (0.35) | + 0.72 (0.37) / - 0.67 (0.25) | 0.63 / 0.58 (foot) | + 0.63 (0.26) / - 0.45 (0.28) | + 0.65 (0.30) / - 0.53 (0.24) | 0.93 / 0.82 (foot) |
+ 0.72 (0.44) / - 0.57 (0.47) | + 0.73 (0.36) / - 0.58 (0.35) | 0.89 / 0.66 (speed) | + 0.81 (0.39) / - 0.64 (0.48) | + 0.76 (0.28) / - 0.62 (0.34) | < 0.001 / 0.08 (speed) | |
+ 0.69 (0.40) / - 0.54 (0.41) | + 0.74 (0.41) / - 0.53 (0.38) | 0.74 / 0.41 (interact) | + 0.89 (0.39) / - 0.69 (0.49) | + 0.94 (0.41) / - 0.67 (0.43) | 0.34 / 0.30 (interact) | |
Residual knee power | + 0.10 (0.15) / - 0.46 (0.50) | + 0.06 (0.07) / - 0.41 (0.44) | 0.11 / 0.07 (foot) | + 0.10 (0.15) / - 0.43 (0.48) | + 0.05 (0.05) / - 0.37 (0.40) | 0.10 / 0.08 (foot) |
+ 0.10 (0.12) / - 1.05 (1.12) | + 0.04 (0.03) / - 0.42 (0.45) | 0.76 / 0.017 (speed) | + 0.11 (0.14) / - 1.20 (1.34) | + 0.04 (0.02) / - 0.42 (0.41) | 0.99 / 0.025 (speed) | |
+ 0.09 (0.15) / - 0.56 (0.69) | + 0.03 (0.02) / - 0.42 (0.46) | 0.90 / 0.034 (interact) | + 0.12 (0.20) / - 0.79 (1.02) | + 0.04 (0.02) / - 0.58 (0.67) | 0.83 / 0.036 (interact) | |