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Table 2 Comparisons between reality conditions for the first phase of movement: reaching and grasping the ball.

From: Reaching in reality and virtual reality: a comparison of movement kinematics in healthy subjects and in adults with hemiparesis

 

Healthy

   

Stroke

   
 

Physical condition

 

VR condition

 

Physical condition

 

VR condition

 
 

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Temporal parameters

        

Movement time – onset to grasping (s)

0.68

0.17

0.95

0.35

1.23†

0.27

1.43†

0.41

RPV (%)

44.9

10.4

41.8

6.1

34.3

12.6

40.8

2.9

RMGA (%)

72.5

12.5

60.9

11.8

73.5

16.1

65.3

9.1

Delay between RPV and RMGA (%)

31.6

16.6

19.2

10.7

34.5

15.0

24.3

8.1

Spatial parameters

        

Curvature index

1.39

0.16

1.62

0.44

1.76

0.62

1.97

0.86

Wrist extension at grasping (°)

1.4

9.1

-3.9

8.2

12.1

2.2

4.5

14.1

Slope elbow extension/shoulder flexion

0.70

0.34

0.60

0.26

0.53

0.33

0.47

0.27

Slope elbow extension/shoulder abduction

2.30

2.02

2.31

2.54

2.65

1.66

2.30

1.26

Maximal grip aperture (mm)

95.7

16.4

90.2

20.5

89.8

20.2

84.9

19.3

  1. RPV = relative time to peak velocity of the wrist; RMGA = relative time to maximal grip aperture; VR = virtual reality
  2. † Significant difference between groups, Kruskal-Wallis, p < 0.05